Gender roles in the United States Over the Last Century

Gender roles refer to the behavior and attitude that a given society expects from its’ male or female members. Gender roles are quite distinctive in nature, and this draws a boundary between males and females of a given society (Connell 10). Gender roles are based on a collection of social and behavioral norms that are defined within a particular culture or society that are viewed to be appropriate concerning a particular gender group.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles in the United States Over the Last Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gender roles vary according to cultural orientations, religious principles and values, and the overall set up of a society. Different cultures inflict diverse expectations towards men and women in that cultural background of a given society. An individual’s gender role is primarily determined by the use of elements such as clothing, the preference o f work one engages in and personal factors (Duggan et al 53). These elements are dynamic and are subject to change in relation to time and the ideologies of individuals towards gender roles, for instance, the women’s trousers. On the traditional setting, gender roles were primarily based on feminine and masculine approach. However, as time goes by, new acceptable male and female roles have come into sight. An individual can affiliate to a specific subculture or a social group, which ultimately results to him/her processing different gender role (Connell 13). The United States has undergone gender role transformation over the last century. These shifts in the gender roles significantly affected the American households, the schools, the work environment and the general American population. Such gender roles transformation can be attributed to the fusion of the traditional distinctive male and female roles into an integrated set of universally acceptable norms within some ethnic background and nationalities. Gender roles in the United States have experienced a significant transformation over the time of its history. Ever since America came into being up to the mid 20th century, the idea of men having more dominance with respect to women was viewed as an ideology that could not be challenged. The gender role transformations in the United States were fuelled by certain historical occurrences such as the great depression, which put a strain on the many American families. This created a gender identity to some level. Feminism was an ideology of the 20th century and the earlier years in the United States history. The onset of World War II presented an opportunity for gender roles transformation with respect towards feminism (Connell 56). It presented the need for female labor as majority of the males had gone to war; the realm of feminine and masculine divisions came to the open. The solution to the lack of masculine labor force compelled the government to outs ource the restricted female labor due to distinctive gender roles.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This absorption of the women into the working class represented the new generation women partaking men’s duties and obligations (Duggan et al 85). The men’s perception towards this idea was negative, and this consequently resulted to a conflict with the men claiming that the roles of the women were in the kitchen. Women had no option but to go back to their traditional household roles. However, their experience of revealing their potential was the benchmark that ultimately resulted to the largest transformation in the gender roles in history. This was greatly contributed by the feminist movement in the United States during the 20th century. During the great depression, a majority of men lost their jobs while women employment increased. This resulted to crisis of mascul inity, whereby, men were unable to provide for their families and resulted to being dependent on the women. The men of those times viewed it that the working women were stealing their jobs because their role was in the household capacity. Throughout the 20th century, the feminist movement continued to champion for what is presently referred to as gender equity, a situation whereby, both women and men have equal rights and are subject to the same roles as one. In those times, the working woman was perceived as a devil while the ideal woman was one whose roles were limited to taking care of households and the kitchen (Wood 2009). The gender role transformation in this way resulted to reduced feminism since women were able and capacitated to assume the working roles of men. With the feminist revolution, came the perception of women at the working environment. The traditional gender roles categorized some jobs specifically to be done by the males, while others required the involvement o f the women only. In the early 20th century, women participation in the workforce was strictly forbidden as the gender roles confined them to the household tasks. This was due to the cultural practices, religious restrictions and educational traditions that seemed to favor the males in the United States. The onset of the 20th century was accompanied by increased professionalization of occupations such as law, medicine, engineering and many more. These factors substantially limited women’s workforce to low paying occupations for a significant time in the 20th century. These perceptions towards the female involvement in well paying occupations were transformed during the civil war. During the beginning of the 20th century, women were viewed as being finer than men, and therefore, it was not their duty to work or make money. At the turn of civil war, the United States saw the need to educate the women due to insufficient labor to meet their production needs.Advertising We w ill write a custom essay sample on Gender roles in the United States Over the Last Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The result was women found themselves working outside their homes and getting paid. By 1920, women were gearing up to join the work force. The onset of World War II was an opportunity for women to fully enter into the workforce. The women’s participation in the workforce in the United States has undergone significant phases during the 20th century to develop to the present day professional working women (Kiger 15). This gradual transformation made women join colleges and universities in large numbers so as to pursue highly professional courses like medicine and law. Present statistics indicate a majority of women today are joining universities and colleges and anticipate getting employed by the age of 35. The current legal framework offers no room for discrimination against to the woman workforce. The gend er equity ensures that both men and women have equal chances of getting employed provided they are qualified for that job position. Although the feminist movements managed to administer transformation of perception of women towards work, the present day working woman still works under some cultural and gender constraints because their gender roles of maintaining the household is still at hand. They have to balance between their careers and ensuring that household obligations are met (Kiger 22). Despite the various changes in the workplace, the household setup is still the same for the woman; a scenario characterized by women doing most of the work while the men get most of the pay. With a continual focus on their professional careers, women had to find a way to postpone family duties through the possible postponement of pregnancy. This was done by the use of the birth control pill. The usage of the pill was enormous during the 1970s although it was in existence from 1960s, access to it was restricted. This phase of women transformation marked a new dimension in the gender roles in the United States. After the Vietnam War, which reduced America’s majority age from 21 to 18, women were allowed to make personal decisions that affected them medically. This saw the increased use of the birth control pill to postpone or avoid pregnancy. Presently, it is socially acceptable in the United States to use birth control pills, married women have the chance to concentrate on other things such as education and work without putting much focus on household chores. The use of birth control pills by the women resulted to a shift in gender roles since women were able to concentrate on other issues that affected them directly such as education, career and work.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 1960’s marked the significant societal change in the United States. It was during this time that America underwent sexual revolution, which was pioneered by the young and educated Americans. Sexual revolution involved the changes towards the sexual attitude; many changes in sexual behaviors of the 1960’s became the mainstream (Sorokin 23). The sexual revolution of the 1960’s resulted to a shift in the social norms involving matters that were about sexual activities. There was a spectacular shift in conventional principles and values related to sex and sexuality of individuals. Sexual revolution portrayed sex as more acceptable outside the heterosexual marriage. Studies indicated that there was an increase in the number of women who had premarital sex during the years between 1965 and 1975. During this time, the conventional social values and principles were flouted and challenged by the young. It was through the sexual revolution activism that the birth cont rol pill was legalized and made socially acceptable. The birth control pill affected the women’s lifestyles in a number of ways: they avoided unnecessary pregnancies, which influenced a woman’s time to cut off the job market when impregnated and resume the job market after a certain period of time (Sorokin 35). During the times, the cost of getting out of pregnancy was high and it was accompanied by health risks. The birth control pill came in handy for women to have control of their future, therefore, making them pursue higher education and career without having to worry about getting pregnant. The sexual revolutions of the 1960s formed the groundwork for the sexual attitudes that are being experienced today (Sorokin 40). During the early 20th century, women living in the United States were denied the right to vote; either way, women were not supposed to contest for any political seat. The women had limited say on determining the political trends. It was until 1920 th at women had the right to vote and contest for political positions in the country. During this year, the United States passed a legislation that stated that the rights of the American citizens to vote shall not be infringed by the state or on the basis of one’s sex/gender. This gender revolution enabled women to cling to positions of power in the later durations of the century. This provided a gender balance that helped to include women in the decision-making processes at the national level. The shifts in gender roles have a significant effect in the daily operations of the household. For instance, the traditional perception that women are supposed to manage households and take care of the family no longer exists due to the gender diversity towards women. One particular area that is affected by changes in the gender roles is child bearing (Connell 29). The present family setup in America involves equal participation of both parents towards the child bearing in contrary to the traditional set up whereby child bearing is solely the duty of the women. The perspective towards child bearing in the present United States involves the hiring of child bearing agencies for instance the day care facilities so that the woman may undertake his daily activities that involve working and concentrating on other areas (Connell 23). Works Cited Connell, Robert William. Gender and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. Duggan, Lisa; Hunter, Nan D. Sex wars: sexual dissent and political culture. New York: Routledge. 1995. Kiger, Kiger; Riley, Pamela. Gender differences in perceptions of household labor. The Journal of Psychology. Retrieved from  https://www.encyclopedia.com/. Sorokin, Pitirim. The American Sex Revolution. Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers.1956. Wood, Aubron. Gender Roles in the 20th Century: A century of change [Internet]. Version 10. Knol. 2009 Mar 15. Web. This essay on Gender roles in the United States Over the Last Century was written and submitted by user Ella Fry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Three Things I Am Afraid Of

Fear is a natural part in the life of every person. There is a reason or reasons behind all fears, whether the fear is instinctive or acquired. Through the course of my life, I have taken notice of three fears that unnerve me. These three things are kidnapping, drowning, and cockroaches. The most recognizable fear that is thought I think on almost daily is the fear of having one of my children kidnapped. Although I am aware that child kidnapping is not an everyday occurrence, it remains a fear of mine. The fear of kidnapping is a common fear among most parents. This fear is an instinctive fear reinforced by regular reports on national news of a child that has been kidnapped. If this fear were to materialize, I would always wonder if my child was being properly taken care of, if he was missing his mom, or at worse, if he was dead. This fear is probably at the top of most parents’ lists of fears as it is mine. Next, the fear of drowning is a thought that brings panic to me anytime I am near water. This fear was brought on at an early age by a near drowning experience. The thought of not being able to breathe is not something that is easily overcome. I am constantly thinking what will happen if I fall into the water. Will I be able to get to the surface? My fear of drowning has only grown in proportion due to my aversion of water. Lastly, the fear of cockroaches is an acquired fear that I got vicariously through my mother. One day when I was a young child we were riding in the car and a cockroach flew onto my mother. She in turn, stopped the vehicle and jump out of the car. She screamed for about 10 minutes until she was assured that the cockroach was out of the car. I know how a huge fear of cockroaches because of this very incident. I am deathly afraid that one will fly on me and touch me with its nasty legs. In my opinion, cockroaches are one of the nastiest insects on the planet. I am petrified by fear when I see one. In conclu... Free Essays on The Three Things I Am Afraid Of Free Essays on The Three Things I Am Afraid Of Fear is a natural part in the life of every person. There is a reason or reasons behind all fears, whether the fear is instinctive or acquired. Through the course of my life, I have taken notice of three fears that unnerve me. These three things are kidnapping, drowning, and cockroaches. The most recognizable fear that is thought I think on almost daily is the fear of having one of my children kidnapped. Although I am aware that child kidnapping is not an everyday occurrence, it remains a fear of mine. The fear of kidnapping is a common fear among most parents. This fear is an instinctive fear reinforced by regular reports on national news of a child that has been kidnapped. If this fear were to materialize, I would always wonder if my child was being properly taken care of, if he was missing his mom, or at worse, if he was dead. This fear is probably at the top of most parents’ lists of fears as it is mine. Next, the fear of drowning is a thought that brings panic to me anytime I am near water. This fear was brought on at an early age by a near drowning experience. The thought of not being able to breathe is not something that is easily overcome. I am constantly thinking what will happen if I fall into the water. Will I be able to get to the surface? My fear of drowning has only grown in proportion due to my aversion of water. Lastly, the fear of cockroaches is an acquired fear that I got vicariously through my mother. One day when I was a young child we were riding in the car and a cockroach flew onto my mother. She in turn, stopped the vehicle and jump out of the car. She screamed for about 10 minutes until she was assured that the cockroach was out of the car. I know how a huge fear of cockroaches because of this very incident. I am deathly afraid that one will fly on me and touch me with its nasty legs. In my opinion, cockroaches are one of the nastiest insects on the planet. I am petrified by fear when I see one. In conclu...

Do a ban on assault rifles infringe on the second amendment Research Paper

Do a ban on assault rifles infringe on the second amendment - Research Paper Example So many people have died and children have not been spared either. Most of the victims may be lucky to be taken to the hospital, but in most cases, they die immediately. Now that the occurrence of tragedy after tragedy seems to be the new trend, this is now the most appropriate time to discuss the issue of gun use in America, more specifically, among the civilians. The recent ban on assault rifle by the president is encouraging and shows that perhaps things may soon turn out well. However, critics are now stating that the ban is likely to infringe on the Second Amendment. The Second Amendment Stipulates that people should have a right to bear arms which should not be infringed. According to Charles, the Second Amendment is a right that shall not be infringed (8). Charles indicates that most people interpret the statement as one that should not be changed and view it as a right (8). Years ago, in 1940s and 1950s, guns were deemed as a legal way of the elite protecting their families, or in a position to secure themselves from thieves and wanted criminals. However, today people depend on the police and the army for defense, raising the question as to whether people need these guns anymore. Why there should be a Ban on Rifles and other Guns A ban on the rifles would be helpful to the safety agencies when it comes to rooting out all the terror threats that civilians may receive on a domestic level. It would be easier to have the agencies getting this issue under control with the existence of a ban. This is because instead of the agencies worrying about how the assault rifle owners are likely to react or behave, they are likely to put more effort and save time while controlling the issue. In addition, the individual privacy of American would be on the increase as much as their security is likely to increase. Unwarranted searches in people’s homes and gun violence would decrease drastically. Contrary to what most civilians assume, the Second Amendment only app lies to active duty personnel who are in the militia (Alters 46). This therefore means that the proponents who usually argue that banning the assault rifles violates the rights as stipulated in the Second Amendment are wrong. There are also the critics who argue that laws controlling guns are only there as a restriction on the freedom of Americans. There are also those who argue out that such aggressive ban rules are likely to result to an increase of trade in the black market and therefore have a negative impact. These are some of the arguments that most critics present and have little weight on the main goal of maintaining the security of people and saving human lives. All guns, whether rifles or hand guns present clear problems to the society and this outweighs the issue of human freedom or the black market. When the right to life is threatened, the right to freedom can no longer be said to be effective. A person who is threatened with the possibility of crossing paths with a men tally ill person with a gun is likely to lose his or her right to live and therefore will not be in a position to enjoy freedom rights. There are laws that have been enacted over the years to regulate the use of firearms but do not seem to work (Alters 45). It is not shocking to know that assault rifles are involved in homicides as well since in most cases they can fire automatically. If there are laws controlling gun possession, then this means that safety agencies are twice likely to monitor the activity of civilians as compared to if the

Life Style assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life Style assignment - Essay Example He believes in justice and prefers to swim against the current and do not blindly follow the established ideas unless they are authentic and are in favor of people. It has become an axiom that the established norms and ideas are right and work for the benefit of humanity. However there is an option that can prove this maxim utterly wrong. In the practical world where new strategies function to influence people the individuals with qualities of a salmon can prove to be a great help. The persuasive nature can influence the mode of thinking of people for good. Freedom of choice and independency is essential for every individual. Indolence and independency can take away the worth gradually making the individual completely useless. So in this scenario independency is indispensable to enable the individuals know their worth and they can be beneficial. Vigilance keeps you aware of your surroundings and enables you to remain up to date about the changes that are constantly affecting the market and business world. So in this case vigor can help you to remain active against the current that drives you back. The conventional and outdated ideas can adversely affect the working of the company so a vigorous individual can avoid this. Once you consider yourself in the shoes of the customers you can comprehend their needs. You should be demanding and should bring changes in the products in order to fulfill the demands of the customers that are changing with the dynamic world. Any sort of malpractice can affect the fame and quality of the product. So instead of succumbing to the unfair act, a rebellious salmon can cease the progress of the activity in order to maintain the quality. Implementing your ideas forcefully can develop animosity among peers. So you can avoid this quality of a salmon and become humble instead. However in different cases this quality can be used to make new strategies work. The qualities of being competitive and

Zara - spanish clothing company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara - spanish clothing company - Essay Example Zara’s performance can be observed to be outstanding in the way it manages its operations timing in meeting the ever-changing demands of the customers. The company is in a â€Å"cutting edge†, capable of designing, manufacturing and delivering new styles of clothes and receiving â€Å"full price on 85 percent of its products†1. The present research focuses on a study on the Zara Spanish Clothing Company reflecting on the market that it serves, its competitiveness and the associations of its competitive measures with its supply chain facilities. Market Characteristics Where Zara Company Serves: Zara Clothing Company has grown very fast in Europe thereby increasing its share in the market that is characteristic of following the concept of â€Å"fast fashion†2. Manufacturing clothes in Spanish clothing companies involve higher costs of production than other companies that are competitors producing clothes in other countries like China and India. However, acco rding to Zara, their productivity, lower costs of sales and distribution and flexibility pay off for the higher costs of manufacturing and production3. Considering the apparel market, studies reflect that Europe has a share of around 34 percent of the total market in comparison to United States’ 29 percent and Asia’s 23 percent. This signifies the rate of increasing population and their spending capabilities that tend to get affected by rising prices. The choices and demands of the customers also are rapidly changing in this market where companies like Zara are prevalent. The customers, particularly the young generation are more attracted towards new fashion styles and trends that includes strokes of other cultures as well. The market scenario has been changing over the years with customers demanding for newer fashions in lesser time. Zara with its timely operations system focuses on meeting the expectations of its target customers. The company also has its competitors like the Gap, H&M, and Benetton who are playing in the market of apparels.4 Zara’s Competitiveness in the Market: The Zara Clothing Company has been observed to achieve highly satisfactory business results as the company has its focus on its core competencies. This provides the apparel retailer with a competitive advantage over

Human resources manager in international expansion

Human resources manager in international expansion ABSTRACT The worldwide dimension of Human Resources work may not have high influence in some businesses. But in some business it does posses a lot of influence. Some organizations that have world wide activities, needs to be staffed but with some different comparisons in the terms and conditions of employment. This is where the importance of international human resource management and the role of international human resource manager arise. International human resource manager must be responsible for framing new Human resources policies and strategies that gets in line with the locations ethical and religious issues for which managers need to posses both explicit and tacit knowledge. This research highlights the importance of this knowledge and its transfer from the parent country to the host country in line with the other objectives of this research. INTRODUCTION The growth of significance in International Human Resource Management originates from the augment of globalization. This substantial growth can be seen very obviously over the past half century. This term explains the propagation of international trading relations, foreign direct speculation, worldwide mergers and acquisitions, quicker and affordable transport and swift technological revolution. Amalgamation of markets multi-nationally was involved by globalization and the involvement was done on a regional level as well which is enthused by the rise of potential and authoritative markets in china, India and Eastern and Central Europe. Multinational companies are yet other visible manifestations of globalization. As companies expand domestically to a certain level they then try and expand internationally. This is when the role of International Human Resource Management comes into action. The objective of this research is to 1. Identify the role of International HR Manager. 2. To provide justification for the chosen geographical area. 3. To discuss the role of IHRM in relation to companys global involvement. The chosen geographical location for this research is India, for which the justification would be revealed during the course of the research. LITERATURE REVIEW International HRM can be defined as ‘the set of distinct activities, functions and processes that are directed at attracting and maintaining an MNCs human resources. It is thus the aggregate of the various HRM systems used to manage people in the MNC, both at home and overseas. Taylor, Beechler and Napier, 1996, pg: 960. There are various models that best explain the International Human Resource Management. These models have been put forward to illustrate how the HR function is configured. The Schuler et al. (1993) model explains us the integrative frame work of international HRM. This is a conceptual frame work that tried to record HRM activity to the diverse strategic requirements for integration and local responsiveness. Schuler et al. (1993) defines strategic international HRM as ‘Human Resource Management issues, functions, policies, practices that result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and that impact the international concerns and goals of the enterprise. â€Å"International Human Resource Management can also be referred to as a scrupulous type of devolution activity and spreading out of HR role. As and when an organization starts to develop its international activities, the organization inexorably sets up the degree of decentralization, but internationalization is not just a form of decentralization. This is considered to be one of the most complex forms of the same and involves different types of language, culture, economic and political systems, legislative frame works, management styles and conventions and diversification that stay within those national boundaries.† (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2005, pg: 695). Perlmutter (1969) proposed a model that was purely network based, illustrating the globalization of companies. This model was initially implemented in the international human resource management prose, rather than the international business field from where it originated. Kobrin (1994) ‘identified the classification in human resource management issues such as training, recruiting, selecting people and resources as the prime reason why international Human resource theorists adopt the Perlmutters model widely. Perlmutter (1969) initially defined three organizational types based on managements mindsets. They are ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric organizations. Later he came with the fourth type of organization which is called the regiocentric organization. â€Å"THE ETHNOCENTRIC MINDSET reflects a spotlight on home country values and methods of operating. The consequence is the key positions are filled by the parent country nationals which give them a high degree of direct control over the subsidiaries. THE POLYCENTRIC MINDSET focuses on host country values and methods of operating. The key positions are filled by local employees and the parent company is less interested in homogenizing the organizational culture. THE GEOCENTRIC MINDSET focuses on global operation methods and values. These values are not nationally specific but transcend national boundaries and become almost multi-cultural. This approach involves best people for the job and the selection is done from all over the global organization. THE REGIOCENTRIC MINDSET recognizes regional operational methods and values. The organization is normally structured along regional geographic lines (e.g.: Europe, America, Asia Pacific Rim) and employees are transferred within these regions allowing certain degree of integration and recognizing regional diversity.† Perlmutter (1969). ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGER The primary role of the human resources manager of a company that is expanding internationally for the first time is to formulate new HR strategies and policies based on the organizations business policy. They must keep in mind the issues in the geographical location where the company is going to operate. Those issues may be varied starting from political issues, labor issues, religious issues and diversity issues. The next important role would be the transfer of knowledge. ‘Knowledge is defined in terms of its explicit and tacit qualities (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Polyani (1962) states that ‘tacit knowledge is the one that can be articulated and explicit knowledge is something that cannot be articulated. Both these knowledge has different methods of acquisition and accumulation purposes. Lam (2000) argues ‘that explicit knowledge is mostly generated through reckoning and inference and can be acquired through learning, training reading and listening and tacit knowledge is acquired through exposure in different environments, face to face communications. Close interaction plays a critical role in diffusion of this knowledge. As per the above argument by Lam (2000), we can say that it is mandatory for an international human resources manager to posses both explicit and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge will help the manager in framing international HR policies and strategies based on organizational objectives. This can also be addressed to as the internal factors in international expansion. Where as the external factors include the political issues, the opportunities and threats which they might experience. This requires the manager to posses abundant tacit knowledge which is acquired through experience. To be more specific on the roles we can consider the work of Tregaskis, Glover and Ferner (2005). They examined the role of international HR networks in 13 different Multi-national companies and outlined the role of the HR manager. These include â€Å"1. Global policy development. 2. Global HR policy accomplishment. 3. Best practice conception and allocation. 4. Utilization of the distributed HR expertise. 5. Creating buy-in to policy initiatives. 6. Information Exchange. 7. Socialization of the HR community.† These roles are self explanatory and it underpins the relevant knowledge requirement of the person involved in the international setting. JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOSEN AREA This research will proceed further based on the assumption that the UK based organization is planning to expand its operations in India. India is one of the largest democracies in the southern Asia. India draws a high level of international attention with a GDP of growth rate of 8.1 percent in the first quarter of the financial year 2005-2006. This increased from 1.9 percent in 1995 to 3.4 percent in 2004. Major growth rate can be found in the industrial and the services sector with a growth rate of 8 percent in 2005. There are quite a few challenges that the organization might have to face during its expansion in India. This is outlined by Beardwell and Claydon (2007, pg: 626). â€Å"INFRASTRUCTURE: The combination of weak authoritarian mechanisms and the improper flow of FDI which is found more in non core sectors have restricted the flow in core sectors and Energy. Wider skill up gradation seems to be essential in India for e.g., more manpower is required in the information and the communication Industry. CORRUPTION: This is another challenge that could be faced by the organization. This is the reason that the FDI flow in china is comparatively higher. The government of India has implemented the Rights to Information Act in 2005. Setting up of the vigilance commission is also an important step taken by the government. GROWTH WITH EQUITY: Despite the fact that there are more jobs being created, these jobs are in the unorganized sector with poor wages and benefits and there is less job security. But the government is taking necessary steps to improve job opportunities and enhance skills development by ensuring education for all. Beardwell and Claydon (2007, pg: 627), outlines the advantages an organization that enjoy despite the arousing the challenges. They are LANGUAGE: Advantage of wide knowledge in English language is evident in most graduates who come from across a million universities in India which makes recruiting quality candidates very easy. SKILLS: Highly skilled people from the field of software and information technology are one of Indias competitive advantages. India though highly recognized for unskilled cheap labor produces a number of graduates from the field of mathematics and science from a number of colleges. DEMOCRACY: The egalitarian nature of the Indian state provides a sustainable distribution of resources with an equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. This may help India address the challenges of poverty, inequality, low equality and per-capita income. DIVERSITY: The key to understanding the Indian context is its diversity. Managers with an experience in a diverse organization are regularly equipped to adjust as well as respond to the increasingly diverse international work place. PROSPECTS: India on description of its competitive advantage continues to gain employment within global division of MNC. The probability of this change happening is high with a projected growth of 9-10 percent which was predicted by the World Bank.† DISCUSSION AND EXAMPLES IHRM and Companys Global Involvement This discussion will mainly focus on role of IHRM in companys global involvement followed by examples of two organizations. Vernons (1996) stage model of organizational change and the steps are listed below PHASE 1. DOMESTIC: Focus is on the market, with unique products and services. ‘There are no requirements of cultural diversity and the HR needs are not demanding in international terms. I.e. expatriate assignments cross-cultural (Dunbar, ET. Al., 1989). PHASE 2. INTERNATIONAL: There is an increase in competition and international markets gain significance for profit. The HR now performs vital role in attaining control of local operations. PHASE 3. MULTINATIONAL: The product/ service reaches maturity, there is a rise in competition and a fall in price. The best people are chosen for international postings for increasing profits and the recruitment of international manager would be from those with the knowledge of parent culture. PHASE 4. GLOBAL: The previous three stages were based on hierarchical structures. This phase functions on the postulation that the business unit will need to operate in all the three phases continuously. ‘It is in this stage the demarcation between the expatriate and local managers disappears and management of dual demands of integration and local responsiveness takes place in the organization. (Doz and Prahalad, 1986). Phase I Domestic Phase II International Phase III Multinational Phase IV Global Primary Orientation Product or Service Marketing Price Strategy Strategy Domestic Multi Domestic Multi National Global World Wide Strategy Allow Foreign Clients To buy Product/service Increase market Internationally, Transfer technology abroad. Source, Produce and Market Internationally Gain global strategic competitive advantage Staffing Expatriates None (Few) Many Some Many Why sent? Junket To sell control or transfer technology Control Coordination and Integration Whom Sent? ‘ok performers, salespeople Very good performers High- potential Managers and top executives Purpose Reward Project ‘to get Job done Project and career development Career and organizational development Career Impact Negative Bad for domestic career Important for global career Essential for executive suite Professional Re- entry Somewhat difficult Extremely difficult Less difficult Professionally easy Training and Development None Limited Longer Continuous throughout career For Whom No one Expatriates Expatriates Managers Performance Appraisal Corporate bottom line Subsidiary bottom line Corporate bottom line Strategic positioning Motivation Assumption Money motivates Money and adventure Challenge and opportunity Challenge, opportunity, advancement Rewarding Extra money to compensate for foreign hardship ______________ Less generous, global packages ____________ Career ‘Fast Track Domestic Domestic Token international Global Executive Passport Home country Home country Home country, token foreigners Multinational Necessary Skills Technical and managerial Plus cultural adaptation Plus recognizing cultural differences Plus cross- cultural interaction, influence and synergy Source: Adler and Ghadar, 1990 cited on Beardwell and Claydon 2007. The table illustrated above was proposed by Adler and Ghadar, (1990), which illustrated the IHRM in relation to the companys global environment relating various aspects with Vernons model of organizational change. Examples The two organizations that will be considered as examples in this research are Barclays bank and British airways. â€Å"Barclays is a UK based organization which is expanding globally at a considerable rate. Barclays bank has been operating in India for just a span of two years. Within a short span of time they have gained the title as the most respected foreign banks of the country. This bank is led by Mark Jones, who is the Managing Director in Asia. The company has its own corporate social responsibilities. In 2008 52.2 million pounds was invested in community projects and over 57, 361 employees in over 50 countries was involved in one of them.† www.barclays.in (2009). Theoretically speaking Barclays in now on PHASE 3. THE MULTINATIONAL STAGE, as illustrated by Vernon (1996). The organization employed a director who has the knowledge of the parent culture. They have five branches across India and currently have their efforts focused on financial inclusion, entrepreneurship, and education and Helping people into Employment. The ethnocentric and polycentric mindsets of Perlmutters (1969) model best suits the companys International HR management practices because; Barclays key positions are filled by parent country nationals as well as nationals from the host country. â€Å"When considering the case of British Airways, they are slightly different from Barclays. This difference occurred because British airways are a huge organization with over 80 years of history. Though they have their hubs only in London, they have their operations in six continents and in over 69 countries and India is one of them. They serve to more than 36 million passengers every year. They believe in offering diversity, more development, better training than their competitors.† www.britishairways.com (2009). This organizations international HRM strategy can be compared in contrast with the permutters (1969) geocentric and regiocentric mindsets of the people because; they involve best people from all over the globe and at crucial stages employees are transferred within a particular region. British airways is currently in the PHASE 4 which is the GLOBAL PHASE as they are operating on all the prior three stages. CONCLUSION This research analyzed the international human resource management using a range of academic models and theories. The role of human resource manager during a first international expansion was clearly related to the knowledge transfer and the organizational strategies and policies. This research can be a useful tool for a domestic company whose future plan is to expand their business globally. After analyzing the advantages and challenges in India it gives the organization a clear picture as to what are the issues that can be expected, both internally and externally. Advantages are those which the organization must be prepared to utilize, and the challenges are something which they must be ready to face. Keeping in mind the role of the IHRM in organizations global involvement, the stages for organizational change, and the advantages and challenges they might face in the host country, the organization can really make an excellent start in their proposed geographical location. REFERENCES 1. All about British Airways, available at http://www.britishairwaysjobs.com/baweb1/?newms=info1 accessed on 24 August 2009. 2. About Barclays (2009), available at http://www.barclays.in/about/about_us.htm accessed on 24 August 2009. 3. Adler, N. and Ghadar, F. (1990) ‘strategic human resource management: A global perspective, in Pieper, R. Human Resource management: An International Comparison. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 4. Beardwell, J. and Claydon, T. (2007), ‘International Human Resource management, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: a Contemporary Approach, Edition 5, PP: 562-664. 5. Doz, Y.L. and Prahalad, C.K. (1986) ‘Controlled variety: A Challenge for Human Resource Management in the MNC Human Resource Management, 25, Edition 1, PP: 55-72. 6. Kobrin, S.J. (1994) ‘Is there a relationship between a geocentric mindset and multinational strategy? Journal of International Business Studies, third quarter: 493-511. 7. Lam, A. (2000) ‘tacit knowledge, organizational learning and societal institutions: an integrated frame work. Organization Studies, 21, Edition 3, PP: 487-513. 8. Dunbar, E., Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1989) ‘Expatriate selection, training and career pathing: a review and critique, Human Resource Management, 26, fall: 331-345. 9. Nonaka, I and Takeuchi, H. (1995) the knowledge creating company. New York: Oxford University Press. 10. Perlmutter, H.V. (1969) ‘the tortous evolution of the multinational corporation, International Organization, 51, Edition 1, PP: 1-30. 11. Polyani, M. (1962), Personal Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 12. Schuler, R., Dowling, P. and De Ceiri, H. (1993), ‘An international framework strategic international human resource management, Journal of Management, 19, 2: 419-459. 13. Taylor, S., Beechler, S. and Napier, N. (1996) ‘Toward an integrative model of strategic international human resource management, Academy of Management Review, 21, Edition 4, PP: 959-985. 14. Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. (2005), Human Resource Management, Prentice hall, Edition 6; PP: 693- 778. 15. Vernon, R. (1996) ‘international investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics May.

Difference Between Plutarchs And Shakespeares Caesar :: essays research papers

Difference Between Plutarch's and Shakespeare's Caesar Julius Caesar was in a precarious situation. It could be interpreted that he deserved the fate that pursued him for ambition or some other reason, or that it was a cold murder for which he did not deserve. Both Shakespeare and Plutarch wrote about Julius Caesar. Each tells the story a little differently. Plutarchs version is more sympathetic to Caear's situation. Shakespeare shows him to be an insensitive and conceited person thinking only of himself. This is shown by his reaction to Calpurnia's dream. After her description of her dream he says, "Caesar shall forth. The things that threatened me Ne'er looked but on my back; when they shall see the face of Caesar, they are vanished." This attitude to a warning implying that he was given fair warning and his death was partially due to his over confidence. On the other hand Plutarch gives him a more sensitive reaction to the dream in saying, "Caesar himself, it seems was affected and by no means easy in his mind." Moreover, Plutarch's writings show the long string of coincidences almost as Fate were deeming it necessary for him to die, and that he had no control over it. "...the scene of the final struggle and of the assassination made it perfectly clear that some heavenly power was involved...directing that it" (the assassination) "should take place just here. For here stood a statue of Pompey..." This stating that Caesar's murder was the deceased Pompey's revenge for he was killed by Caesar. Whereas, Shakespeare does not say anything about the statue and shows the same coincidences in the play as warnings to him that out of his own stupidity he did not take. Lastly, after Caesar's death the Romans were enraged to revenge him at

The Birth Of Venus

The Birth of Venus is a painting familiar especially to those who know about mythology. Sandra Poetical wanted to show the birth of Venus one of the Greek gods in his own point of view. He demonstrates this by how he painted Venus and whom he painted in the drawing with Venus. He also shows it by the type of media he used and what he painted it on. For this painting, he had used tempera on canvas. His inspiration for painting Venus came about during the Renaissance era. It is one of the first non-biblical female nudes in Italian art (Birth of Venus). Poetical was influenced to paint Venus from reading Homer's Scripts.In particular, one of homer's scripts was about how Crocus had clashed with his father Uranus. During the clash, Crocus emasculates Uranus and because he had done Venus is born. In this work, he shows Venus coming of a shell nude covering her body in a modest way. It would signify not only her birth to a new world but also show humanism. The background of the painting sh ows the ocean which is how she was able to be born in the first place (Botulism's Birth of Venus). Also, he includes Zephyr's, the god of the wind and he is shown holding on to a nymph named Colorist.The wind signifies a guidance so it would make sense to why Zephyr's is in the painting since he leading Venus. Furthermore, he also includes Pomona the goddess of the spring she awaits Venus with a mantle which is blowing in the wind from Zephyr's. It shows how Pomona is welcoming the new goddess. Moreover, he painted Venus in such a beautiful way that it shows that he had studied the subject of the painting. It demonstrates that Poetical had thoroughly thought over about how he would want to present Venus. Thus, Poetical had shown many symbols in his painting that corresponds to Homer's work. The Birth of Venus The Birth of Venus by Sandra Botanical Visual Elements * Line * The main type of lines that are used in the Birth of Venus are mostly actual lines. The way they are used by the artist is to form specific shapes to tell a story about the goddess Venus. There are a few implied lines are used to create the ocean as to which Venus emerges from, as well as the waves in her hair to show that it has movement. The actual lines are used to create the shapes of the nature and the angels and mother figure that surround Venus. Shape * Mass * Space * Time and Motion Botanical implies time and motion have occurred with the way the figures are slightly angled towards each other. Venus' hair is drawn so that it looks like it is blowing in the wind as she has emerged from the water, while the woman that is standing on land waiting for her is leaning towards her as to cover her with the cloth that she is holding and her feet are positioned so it shows that she is walking.The Angels are drawn to show t hat they are flying towards the goddess as if to welcome her. * Light * Color * The colors that are used were used to create a calming sensation when you coked at the painting. Botanical used mostly blues and greens which create calming nature of the artwork. He painted the ocean a blue green which is more muted than the bright blues you may see in other paintings when it comes to corners.Venus' hair is a golden color which reflects the light that is used in the painting which makes it a brighter color than the sky in the background which is darker. * Texture Principles of Design * Unity and Vanity * Balance * Emphasis and Subordination * Directional Forces * Contrast * Repetition and Rhythm * Scale and Proportion

Philosophical and Theoretical Analysis of “Terrorism and the Politics of Fear” by David L. Altheide The WritePass Journal

Philosophical and Theoretical Analysis of â€Å"Terrorism and the Politics of Fear† by David L. Altheide Philosophical and Theoretical Analysis of â€Å"Terrorism and the Politics of Fear† by David L. Altheide (a) Identify the philosophical or theoretical perspective underlying the research. The events of September 11th 2001 caused terrorism to become central to the social landscape of the contemporary world. It was not only terrorism in itself that became an important issue, but also the changing rhetoric and ideas involving terrorism around the globe. In his content analysis of US newspapers, Altheide focused on the ongoing dialogue characterising terrorism as something to be feared by the American people. The main hypothesis is summarised by Altheide as follows:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The terms crime, victim and fear are joined with news reports about terrorism to construct public discourse that reflects symbolic relationships about order, danger, and threat that may be exploited by political decision makers.† (Altheide 2006: pp. 416). The inference here is that the three terms at hand represent fairly negative social concepts which are familiar to the US audience at large. Altheide posits that associating these concepts with terrorism was politically beneficial for a government who were trying to justify a ‘war on terror’ in the Middle East in that it defined the idea of terrorism in very immediate, negative terms. Considering social realignment and redefinition of fundamental concepts in this way is a very subjectivist mode of study (Benton Craib 2001). The idea that social concepts like terrorism are innately subjective and relative can be traced back to the roots of subjective sociological study: Durkheim posited that such concepts are defined and redefined by their relationship to other concepts and should be studied and viewed in terms of these relationships (1982 [1895]). The aim of this mode of comparative study is that subjective facts could be studied in comparison to each-other rather than in comparison to the bias of the researcher, this arguably allows for an objective scientific study of highly subjective social concepts (Collins 1975). Such an approach is evident in Altheide’s study of the social concept of terror. The concepts at hand are studied in the context of their presentation by the mass media in order to reach a conclusion regarding the way in which the press act to build consent for interventionist political ends. This conclusion makes comparisons with Herman and Chomsky’s (1988) propaganda mode of political economy almost unavoidable. The early Marxian model of ruling classes and ruling ideas in the German ideology (1932) is also relevant to the conclusion. Both of these models see distinctive elites subjectively redefining concepts and presenting them as banal and objective truths to be accepted by the masses in a model of elitist social constructionism (Berger Luckman 1967).   This subjective, constructionist perspective seems to be very much the theoretical basis of Alheide’s work as evidenced below. (b) Show how the philosophical or theoretical perspective informs the research design and conclusions. Altheide states his methodology as a qualitative content analysis of media coverage of terrorism: He attempts to track and situate the discourse around it in relation to the words fear, crime and victim, and how they are â€Å"joined with news reports about terrorism to construct public discourse which reflects symbolic relationships about order, danger, and threat that may be exploited by political decision makers.† (Altheide 2006, pp. 422). This illustrates the critical link between Durkheim’s (1982) situated subjective concepts and the terms being qualitatively assessed. It also illustrates the constructionist view of the pursuits of ‘political decision makers’ taken by Altheide.   Further to this Altheide acknowledges the dynamic nature of the subjective concepts he handles by deciding to compare the newspapers’ discourse in the eighteen months preceding September 11th to the discourse in the 18 months immediately following it in order to track the change in consideration of terrorism as a concept. Social constructionism holds that society is built, defined, rebuilt and redefined to a greater or lesser degree by all of the actors and agencies which constitute it based on definition and situation of concepts.   Recently more and more consideration has been given to the powerful elites in society and their relatively greater contribution to these concepts and how they work in society, politics and the media are two such elites (Wanda 2003). In Altheide’s case the study leads him to conclude that American society has been redefined as a group of victims on a large scale. Further to this he posits that this new definition leads to increased reliance on American institutions and decreased criticism of them. The eventual effect of this is that security institutions can overstep previous boundaries and justify the kind of mission creep that would have been unacceptable before 9/11. This conclusion reads soundly with Herman and Chomsky’s (1988) model of media based political economy. The fact that the focus is on the newspapers’ handling of the issues rather than the discourse of the politicians themselves indicates that the as well as the conclusion research is informed by Herman and Chomsky’s model rather than a more directly government-focused idea which might have had more immediate but less incisive results. Chomsky has already applied this rhetorical position to the context of 9/11 albeit loosely (Chomsky 2001) he concludes similarly to Altheide: â€Å"In short, the crime is a gift to the hard jingoist right, those who hope to use force to control their domains†. In other text he has called for and supported the work of others in applying his and Herman’s model to this context (e.g. Herring and Robinson 2003), whether Altheide heeded this call in designing his research or whether it was a happy coincidence is unknown. Wha t is known is that the conclusions support Chomsky’s earlier reading, but to what degree is the research theoretically effective? This is considered below. (c) Critically assess the adequacy of the research in terms of its philosophical or theoretical perspective.    The selection of qualitative content analysis over quantitative methods is an obvious choice for a researcher looking to subjectively analyse a concept in terms of how it relates to other ideas, this is because by its very nature qualitative content analysis considers the context of words in a text (Krippendorf 2004 Ch2: Conceptual Foundation). This research methodology is inherently relative and subjective; by contrast it would be very challenging to construct an essentialist qualitative content analysis. If terrorism is to be considered from a subjective point of view, tracking the discourse relating to it comparatively before and after a major definitive terrorist event allows solid insight into the changing definition of the concept. The hypothesis that the definition of the concepts at hand has changed can only be proved through a comparative, long term analysis identifying the concept’s relation to other ideas. Just as comparison of two media sources will reveal differences in their handling and definition of a subject, so comparison of two time periods will reveal changes in definition and handling of subjects over time (Riffe et al. 2008). The same newspapers and magazines were used throughout, a basic step which ensures representative constancy throughout the time period in question allowing firmly based comment on the changes in approach. The selection of these newspapers and magazines to provide a definitive, representative cross section of the US press is important to Altheide’s theoretical stance and is acknowledged as such in the study methodology (pp. 422). Altheide’s hypothesis that press and media elites were constructing ‘rhetorics of fear’ for the American public in general requires consideration of a representative portion of the media in question read by a representative portion of the American public, to achieve this a range of large scale sources with large readerships were the focus of the research. This ensures that the sources in question have the descriptive power which Herman and Chomsky saw as central to their role in the political economy (1988), as well as providing a numerically representative audience. The search policies and protocols used by Altheide are based on the words fear, victim, crime and terrorism. These words are not simply searched for in terms of their occurrence in isolation, instead articles with these words â€Å"in various relationships or within several words of each-other† (pp. 422) were selected and analysed in context with particular attention to the relationships themselves. This is important from the theoretical standpoint of sociological subjectivism and constructionism as it provides a socially defined context for the concept of terrorism in terms of relevance to other social concepts. The identification of the major newspapers as definers, their large audiences as receivers and the politicians as profiteers provides a very solid basis for Altheide to create an account of the socially constructed political economy being considered. Questions have been raised about the limits of qualitative inquiry where subjective definitions are concerned (Krippend orf 2004), however these remain unanswered. Although not perfect, Altheide’s work is a representative and rational example of subjective, constructionist research into media politics. (d) Offer an alternative interpretation of the research findings and/or an alternative research design based on a different philosophical or theoretical perspective. In his conclusion Altheide reads the situation in a way which follows rationally from his results, but in a way which is very focused on the press as a creator of concepts, he makes a number of important critical statements: Firstly that the media is at least partly responsible for defining social concepts which affect the views and actions of the American public. Secondly that this was done by linking concepts to create definitions where there were none before. Thirdly that the political elite profited from this in that it helped them gain public compliance. And lastly that this relationship was, to some degree at least, consciously created â€Å"by a compliant press [who] stressed fear of terrorism† (pp. 425). This reading is based on the evidence that after 9/11 press coverage of terrorism changed to create a rhetoric of a crime against the united states, which had identifiable perpetrators (terrorists) and identifiable victims (the US public) and which the government could prevent in future.   This is an unavoidably partisan view, the government are characterised by the press as a white knight and the terrorists as the evil enemy. As Chomsky (2001) commented this is not an objective truth but a subjective illustration and Altheide analyses it as such. However the subjective illustration does not necessarily have to be considered in terms of its origin from a social construction of subjective ideas. It can equally be seen as a reaction to real events, based on empirically defined human nature. This reading can be summarized in four comparative critical statements which contrast with the summary of Altheide’s laid out above. Firstly the media are a fundamental means of reacting to events in coordination or contention with others, a social product of human nature (Kueter 2005: Ch 9). Secondly that the concepts with which they deal, such as fear and will to power are equally natural and equally innate in the human condition, they are not socially constructed, their application is the only thing that is defined by their context. On the third point there is some agreement, the political elite did profit by virtue of being able to control the context in which the ideas were applied, they did not control the ideas themselves. Ironi cally, Noam Chomsky’s critical redefinition of 9/11 (2001) can be used as proof of this theory in opposition to his own, if the government and the media had had definitive control over the concept of terrorism Chomsky would have been unable to define it separately as a rational reaction. His redefinition arguably shows that there is an essential definition of terrorism outside of what the media creates.   Lastly, it is natural that any kind of human interaction is defined by its support of or opposition to the status quo, agreement and disagreement are the basis of all critique (Kueter 2005). That the US press and government are in support of each-other is unsurprising given that they both represent the public of the country which suffered a very public attack. In this way the conclusion becomes one of natural constants such as group solidarity and Nietzsche’s will to power, rather than of subjective manipulation and relativity. Conclusion    Bibliography Altheide, D. L. (2006) ‘Terrorism and the Politics of Fear’ Critical Methodologies 6 (4) pp. 415-439 Benton, T. and Craib, I. (2001) Philosophy of Social Science. Basingstoke: Palgrave Berger, P. L. Luckmann, T. (1967) The Social Construction of Reality New York: Anchor Chomsky, N. (2001) On the Bombings [viewed online 20/12/2011] Zmag [available from:] nodo50.org/csca/agenda2001/ny_11-09-01/chomski-eng.html Collins, R. (1975). Conflict Sociology: Toward an Explanatory Science. New York: Academic Press Durkheim, E Halls, W. D. (Ed) (1982 [1895]) Rules of the Sociological Method   New York: Free Press Herman, E. S. Chomsky (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media New York: Pantheon Books Herring, E Robinson, P (2003) â€Å"Too Polemical or Too Critical? Chomsky on the study of the news media and US foreign policy† Review of International Studies 29 pp. 553-568 Kueter, R (2005) â€Å"Politics, Business and the Media† in. The State of Human Nature Lincoln: IUniverse Krippendorf, K. (2004) Content Analysis: An introduction to its methodology Thousand Oaks: Sage Marx, Karl (1932) ‘Ruling class and ruling ideas’ in The German Ideology, pp. 64-68. Wanda, R.E. (2003)   The Contributions of Social Consructivism to Political Science [viewed online 29/12/2011] Analyst network [available from:] analyst-network.com/articles/190/ThecontributionsofSocialConstructivisminPoliticalScience.pdf

Beatles memorabilia essays

Beatles memorabilia essays No rock n roll group had more influence on a generation and the world as did The Beatles. They single handedly changed the period known as the Sixties and their influence is still being felt today. Music, culture, lifestyles, hairstyles, clothing styles and attitudes all changed because of this remarkable band that emerged out of Liverpool England in the early 1960s. The Beatles were George Harrison, John Lennon, Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney as pictured above. The Beatles themselves were greatly influenced by the early rock n roll stars from America such as Elvis Presley, Fats Domino, Buddy Holly, Gene Vincent and others. During the bands infancy they spent a considerable amount of time listening and copying the styles of these great 1950s rock n roll heroes. Its fair to say that the music style adopted by the Beatles has in roots in 1950s American rock n roll. The Beatles dawned on the music scene in the very early 1960s and by 1963 had established themselves as the premiere rock n roll band in all of England. Frenzied crowds greeted the Beatles wherever they appeared throughout all of England. Beatlemania was born. The America music scene had all but ignored what was transpiring in England. But by January 1964, after the release of the Beatles second album in England, America could not longer resist the onslaught of these four loveable guys with mop-top haircuts. They stormed onto the American music scene in February 1964 with their historic performances in Washington DC, Carnegie Hall and Shea Stadium. Their music, coupled with their first class humor and personalities, firmly established them as the rock n roll kings for an entire generation. Their popularity, both yesterday and today, still remains unequaled by any other rock n roll artist. The memorabilia licensed by The Beatles is vast and seemingly...

Outline Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Outline - Research Paper Example This role has remained the same up to date, and therefore, more than ever international relations are crucial in maintaining global peace. It is from this understanding that as a political science major, I feel motivated to focus on international relation. Further, the rapid changing economies around the world, I believe that international relation is a study necessary to enable proper implementation of international trade policies, and define the requirements and limitations to cross border trade. Further, international relations are required to determine cross border policies for immigrations, given the high rates of immigration. People travel between different countries for business, tourism, employment or temporal visits. Processing of visas and other necessary policy documents will certainly require this profession. The increasing numbers and occurrence rates of global issues like environmental disasters and terrorism, which are greater than any country or continent, call for global collaborations. Pursuing global cooperation is becoming necessary in order to solve such issues. International relations come in handy to help bolster such global cooperation for a similar curse. Finally, international relations play a greater role in promoting culture, than the usual facilitations of goods and services exchange between countries. Such activities like students exchange programmes; cultural exhibitions and cultural tourism enhance understanding and appreciation of human expressions worldwide. All these will require international relations for effective

Marketing Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Psychology - Essay Example Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is an important element of consumer culture. In general, it is usually considered as the study of purchasing process i.e. how a person buys products. However, this purchase process study is just a part of definition; it includes other elements, which the following definition explains: â€Å"Consumer behaviour reflects the totality of consumer’s decision with respect to the acquisition, consumption, and disposition of goods, services, activities, experiences, peoples, Ideas by (human) decision making units (over time)† (Wayne & Deborah, 2008, pg. 3). Consumer behaviour includes more than just the way a person buys tangible products; it further includes a consumer use of services, experiences, activities and ideas. Examples would include decision making like attending an event, donation to a particular charity, planning a vacation etc (Wayne & Deborah, 2008, pg. 3). A consumer manner of buying is extremely important to marketers. Howe ver, along with it, marketers are also very interested in consumer behaviour related to using and disposing of an offering (Wayne & Deborah, 2008, pg. 4). As Mowen in 1995 defined, â€Å"Consumer behaviour as the study of buying units and the exchange process involved in acquiring, consuming and disposing of foods, services, experience and ideas† (Apruebo, 2005, pg. 2). ... 5). Consumer Psychology Davis and Palladino (1995) defined consumer psychology, â€Å"as the study that deals with activities directly involved in selecting, obtaining, and using products, services, and ideas to satisfy needs, and desires, including decision making process that precede and follow these actions.† Simply speaking, it is an applied branch of psychology on consumer behaviour (Apruebo, 2005, pg. 2). Consumer psychology is an aspect of consumer behaviour (Armstrong, Armstrong, & Kotler, 2007, pp. 250-325). In addition, consumer psychology is one of the major aspects and factors that influence consumer behaviour, and it is the basic element of consumer behaviour because this is what triggers a consumer towards consumption of good. It is the most initial or basic element because while evaluating the purchase of a product, psychological processes are the first step customer engages in. The customer needs to be motivated, able, and have the opportunity to be exposed, to understand and utilize information (Bennet, 2009, pp. 30-36). A customer need to think about the available information, develop an attitude towards it and form memories. These are all the psychological aspects of consumer behaviour, study of which describes consumer psychology (Wayne & Deborah, 2008, p 11-12). Consumer psychology mainly deals with why and how people buy certain products and why not others. It is concerned with how believes, feeling, perceptions, and thoughts of a customer influence on the choice of goods and services he purchase. It encompasses of factors like thoughts, feeling, emotions attached to the product, environmental variable like family, friends, society, culture, personal factors etc (Kendra, n.d). Difference between Consumer Behaviour