Primary Source Analysis of Message Drafted by General Eisenhower Essay

World War II is an infamous event in the history of the world. For almost 6 years, humankind was divided into two wherein one group was in favor for global domination and the other one was for democracy. The West and the East were completely enveloped with devastation and terror during this dark phase of the past. However, if World War II brought out the worse in people, it also proved that humans possessed an innate nature to be good and compassionate. It was just a matter of choice of whether doing the right and morally correct action or standing up for something that truly one believes in. Since WWII became a large-scale military conflict, much of the success of the defeat of the German, Japanese and Italian forces can be attributed to those who have selflessly dedicated their time, efforts and even lives for the restoration of freedom and peace. These people are the thousands of soldiers of the Allied forces. Without them, the liberation efforts in Europe and in Asia would not be successful. The most significant but very high-risk operation that was drafted by the Allied forces in advancing their goal of invading Germany and bringing to an end to the evil ways of Hitler and his supporters was the bold move of penetrating the German stronghold area in the southern coastline of France. This military operation has become known as â€Å"D-Day† which means based on military jargons as the commencement of any military operations. Since this momentous event, the Allied forces were given the opportunity to weaken the formidable military might of Hitler. As a result, the combined forces of the French, Canadians, English, Russian and Americans were able to conquer and defeat many strategic bulwarks of the enemies. Eventually, they were able to reach, seize and free the center of the Axis power in Europe which was Germany. After a year since the amphibious assault at Normandy, the whole of Europe celebrated to the new found democracy and independence. Prior to this relatively happy ending, there were a lot of political and military planning and failed missions that occurred. On the first half of WWII, the US did not take part in any direct efforts to combat communism and autocracy. But when the bombing at Pearl Harbor transpired, the US openly announced their wage in war with the Axis forces. One of the most prominent personalities during this era was an American General named General Dwight Eisenhower. His background in effective organization and implementation of military operations prompted him to be designated as the â€Å"Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. As the leader of all soldiers from various nationalities, he was burdened with the responsibility of devising a strategic plan that will advance the troops in liberating Europe from German occupation. The idea of orchestrating a large-scale attack on German territories that will have a high probability of victory was very challenging for Eisenhower. Though it was difficult, he was able to formulate a feasible plan together with an equally knowledgeable military man, Field Marsh al Bernard Montgomery. Then, Operation Overlord was born. According to history books, this plan was supposed to be more aggressive than their 1943 plan wherein only 3 divisions were supposed to be deployed in Europe. Because of the diversity in the leadership and manpower, Overlord acquired a multi-level approach in planning, organizing and implementing the invasion. Also, it was emphasized in historical writings that the masterminds of Overlord were confident that the alliance can pull off the plan despite the eminent threat of military resistance among the Germans in Normandy. The high command in the military needed to exude faith and confidence on their plans so that the soldiers who will fight in the battlefield will be motivated to do their respective tasks with peace of mind that everything will go according to plan. However, the second thoughts and doubts about Overlord from political and military officials were left unreported leaving the public at that time clueless about the possible worse scenarios that can happen. Then British Prime Minister Winston Churchill expressed his worries about the invasion in a German fortified beachhead in France. He was concerned about the catastrophic events that could manifest if the plan fails. It could cost thousands of lives of soldiers and tons of resources wasted which could produce a major setback for the Allied forces. Like Churchill, Eisenhower also felt that Overlord was a very ambitious endeavor that could lead to a complete disaster if anything goes wrong. In his â€Å"in case of failure† message dated July 5, Eisenhower expressed his concern over the potential outcomes of Overlord. Actually, it was believed to be written on June 5, a day before D-Day. He mentioned that the â€Å"landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area† were unsuccessful so another amphibious attack could also experience the same plight. But the interesting part about the message was the content and the tone. Eisenhower wanted the reader to feel that Operation Overlord was a plan derived from the only available sources that they could find combined with a situation wherein there was an increase of military troops being killed in German territories and because of that the military can only do so much. He was insinuating that the achievement of victory was not definite. However, he emphasized in his message that he was sole responsible and the one to blame if everything fails. In the last statement, â€Å"If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone,† demonstrated Eisenhower’s courage in accepting responsibility for conceptualizing, executing and remedying Overlord. On the other hand, this message was only read by Eisenhower’s â€Å"naval aide, Capt. Harry Butcher† but he never disclosed it to anyone until modern historians have found about it. Though Eisenhower was not 100% sure that Overlord was going to succeed, he and numeours soldiers proved that anything can be done even the impossible as long as dedication and bravery are present. The end of WWII in 1945 was the fruit of the many sacrifices of thousands of brave and courageous soldiers.

Macbeth †Does the Lady Lead to Macbeth’s Demise? Essay

But his lady, a deeply ambitious woman who is thirsty for power, takes the witch’s false prophecies as words of wisdom and ignites a fire in Macbeth’s heart. A fire for the desire of power that only innocent blood can put out. Lady Macbeth, who lusts for power, leads Macbeth into the world of evil and brings him nothing but demise to his genuine character, just to quench her thirst. In the beginning of the play, the three witches cast their net of false prophecies on Macbeth, which he easily avoids. Later, he writes a letter to Lady Macbeth explaining the incident. After learning about the witch’s false prophecies, Lady Macbeth’s heart starts to throb. Her imagination takes her on new levels of evilness and greed. Now, all she is thinking about is â€Å"The good news† that was in the letter. Her witty little brain is up to no good, planning the quickest route to the crown that will rest on Macbeth’s head. â€Å"O, never shall sun that morrow see! † (Macbeth, act 1, scene IV) she said, in a simple manner, she expresses that Duncan spending the night at Macbeth’s castle, will not live to Patel 2 see tomorrow. â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t. † (Macbeth, act 1, Scene IV) she says to Macbeth, basically telling him to be evil on the inside but appear innocent on the outside. Lady Macbeth will lead Macbeth to his own demise. Lady Macbeth’s ability to influence and convince Macbeth is great. â€Å"Was the hope drunk? Wherein you dressed yourself? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale at what it did so freely? From this time such I account thy love. (Macbeth, act 1, scene 7, line 35) She plays around with innocent Macbeth, questioning his love for her after he tries to stop the mayhem of the murder and backs out. â€Å"What beast was ’t, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man. † (Macbeth, act 1, scene 7, line 48) Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s manhood, which infuriates him to the extent where he decides to go thru with her strategy to acquire the crown. Lady Macbeth knows exactly how to exploit poor Macbeth. Under the evil Lady Macbeth’s influence, Macbeth is a monster in the making. Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth to an extent where Macbeth turns into an insecure and a sly person. â€Å"My hands are of your color, but I shame to wear a heart so white. † (Macbeth, act 2, scene 2, line 64) Lady Macbeth addresses Macbeth as a weak hearted when he’s horrified and overwhelmed after he murders Duncan. Once he did the ‘dirty work’ upon commands from the Lady, he committed numerous acts of horror to keep the secret hidden. It begins when he brutally murders two innocent guards and ends with his own demise along with many other deaths. He turns into an insecure monster; he kills anyone who is considered a threat to him. He murders Banquo, his best friend and Patel 3 attempts to murder Fleonce, Banquo’s son who is going to be a king, according to the witches. â€Å"We have scorched the snake, not killed it. † (Macbeth, act 3, scene 2, line 15) Macbeth’s words after his men kill Banquo but not his son. Macbeth has really turned evil, all due to Lady Macbeth. He has indeed turned into a dangerous serpent on the inside and an innocent flower on the outside. Lady Macbeth has succeeded; she got what she wanted. She is the primary cause of Macbeth’s destruction. She manipulated and pressured Macbeth, which transformed him into a lunatic that died a sad death. Even the greatest man fell because of a lady. Lady Macbeth’s influence was strong and hypnotizing. She was his end, his demise, his regrets, she destroyed Macbeth.

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay

To understand the ethical implications of genetic engineering, we must first understand what genetic engineering is. Genes are units that code for specific characteristics. Such characteristics are hair and eye colour and we inherit these from our parents. It is chromosomes in the cell nuclei than enable your body to inherit features or, more specifically, it is the DNA that makes up the chromosomes that forms a unique genetic code for every human being (apart from identical twins). It is estimated that the human body has around 50,000 to 100,000 different genes contained inside, some of which have been linked to certain diseases. Scientists claim to have identified 4,000 conditions that are linked to just one fault or defect in a persons genetic makeup, which is where genetic engineering comes in. At present a project is taking place to identify the function of every gene in the human body. ‘The Human Genome Project’ aims to uncover the cause for many diseases and find a cure for them. One such way, is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, as a cure for disease, is the removal of a defective gene sequence and the remodelling of it. But this isn’t the only definition given for genetic engineering. Compassion in World Farming describes it as ‘the taking of genes from one species of plant or animal and inserting them into a completely different species’. It is obvious, therefore, that genetic engineering is used for different things, in different situations. In this essay I will look at some of the varying uses genetic engineering has in today’s world and the ethical implications of such uses. Genetic Engineering and the Law At present human cloning is illegal in the UK, although there are many countries were such a law does not exist. And although, technically, it may be possible to clone humans in the way animals have been, the Act of Parliament strictly forbids ‘ever doing with human eggs what we have done with sheep eggs’ Dr Ron James Head of PPL Therapeutics. Nor are scientists allowed to mass produce human eggs for in-vitro fertilisation- something that many scientists have been pushing for for years. Genetically modified crops are also strictly controlled by the law. Such UK laws include: The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992 and The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations 1992. These laws are in addition to the standard For Safety Act which specifies that food ‘must be fit for consumption’. Several government bodies have been set up to assess and regulate GM foods including ACNFP, COT, FAC and, the most important, The Department of Environment. The DOE requires tat anyone proposing a release must apply to them for consent first. It is then advised by the Advisory Committee on Release to the Environment on the granting of consents. At a European level, the Regulation on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients was introduced in May 1997 and covers labelling of foods ‘no longer equivalent’ to it’s conventional counterparts. But despite the introduction of laws, many people are still unhappy, and are pushing for further action. For example the CIWF believe GM meat should be clearly labelled, although they also say it should not be sold in the first place. They see the genetic engineering of farm animals for food as cruel and unnecessary. But the question remains: are they right? Few people know the implications of genetic engineering and what it really involves and many are ignorant of what to expect from GM. Genetic Engineering and Animals/ Humans Everyone knows the story of the first cloned animal. The Finn Dorset sheep, known as Dolly, was the first new-born mammal to be cloned from adult cells and is a miracle for scientists the world over. She had opened many new windows of opportunity for scientists who hope to soon be able to clone humans using the same technology. The possibilities really are endless. A single cell from an elite racehorse could be used to create hundreds of identical copies, each with the same elite genetic makeup. However pleasing this heady new discovery is, there is a widespread argument over whether or not cloning is right. Is it simply a wonderful new way to develop a generation of disease-free animals and humans or is it tampering with nature and playing God? Many people see it as the answer to all problems, that screening can reveal vital information about a person’s life span and health future. Genetic engineering could, in theory, identify genetic defects early on, giving time to replace the faulty gene and cure the sufferer. Predicting disease is a major use for genetic engineering and one that could change the way we live forever. At present scientist are working on a genetic test known as the GeneChip. They claim in a few years doctors will be able to take a simple mouth swab and, using the GeneChip, look through your DNA for disease prospects. Although they have come under fire from their critics, geneticists argue that anyone is entitled to know what their future holds for the health-wise. Indeed they say the information can be vital for planning out the rest of your life if, for example, you are a woman with a likelihood to develop breast cancer. Pre-natal diagnosis is also another option that could soon be open to the public. Parents could be made aware of any flaws there may be in their child’s DNA and could decide whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. Genetic engineering could also be used to grow substances like human insulin and growth hormone on a huge level. Currently scientists are looking at introducing blood-clotting genes for haemophiliacs and purifying milk from GM sheep for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. They are also hoping to study presently incurable diseases in the hope they might be able to introduce a cure using genetic engineering. There are also high hopes for animals in genetic engineering. Transgenic animals (or those that have been given a gene from another animal) have many uses. They can produce more meat and milk, feeding the starving, and they can grow faster, with the possibility of less fatty meat. They can be bred to resist disease, but also develop disease so they might be tested on for further research. A biotechnology firm in Cambridge is working on a transgensic pig that could be bred to grow desperately needed organs for transplant into human beings. The technique can also be used to ‘knock out genes’, deleting proteins so that they might prevent BSE in cows. But it isn’t all good news for genetic engineering, in fact there is a lengthy and strong argument as to why it is dangerous to go to take it to these levels. Many have disagreed with the predicting of disease, saying that many people may not be able to cope with the knowledge that they may contract a terminal disease- it could ruin lives. Also there has been widespread outcry over the Association of Insurance Brokers’ announcement that it will not offer life insurance over i 100,100 to anyone who had taken a genetic test that had predicted fatal disease and since 1995 there has been pressure form MP’s to develop a code of practise concerning genetic screening. There are also fears of employers discriminating against potential employees who have the potential for life threatening illness in later life. Although scientists hope genetic engineering will provide many choices for parents, the BMA has voiced it’s concerns that the industry will cause ‘selective breeding’ or the choice to abort a baby because of undesirable characteristics such as physical traits. The BMA have also said people have been mislead about the power to screen for later abnormalities. It says ‘The number of abnormalities which can be detected in this way is limited and few of the tests are conclusive’. The problem many people have with genetic engineering is the risk of error that is involved. Screening is complex and it is difficult to be precise every time. Faulty diagnosis could put an end to job prospects or insurance benefits, not to mention the psychological problems arising from finding out you have the potential to contract a fatal disease.

City life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City life - Assignment Example How specifically they tend to relate to society is of significant concerns and thus discussed fully in the essay. The essay tries to answer some questions on how the elderly relate with the society. The essay gives a conclusion relating with popular theorists on city life and planning concerning the elderly homes. The first area of concern is how the elderly are taken care of by the community in relation to their needs. As a responsibility to take care of the elderly, it is vital that we get a critical understanding of the needs and requirements of the elderly. The requirement for the elderly will involve the following; financial needs, housing, health care, nursing, social and other needs. Having a good awareness about the various needs and requirement of the elders as listed above, is necessary for care takers of retirement homes as they are vital for quality care to the elderly. Financial needs, just as regarded in the community, are a basic need for the elderly as it enables them to pay for their requirements such as up-keep at the retirement homes, food, groceries, medicine and other basic necessities. Thus, a source of income or savings is necessary for the senior citizens. Housing is a necessity for everyone as well as for the elderly; this is because everyone desires to live in areas where he or she is comfortable. The design of a retirement home should be able to accommodate changes that may arise with time as well as consider the comfort of the dwellers. The retirement home should be such that it is a safe place with helpful neighborhood in case of an emergency. A place where there is well developed infrastructure service; clean and reliable water supply, electricity, schools, telecommunication and well-connected public transport. Health care is the most beneficial when it comes to the elderly needs as they are prone to sickness. With the ageing trend, their body tends to weaken by slowing down and as a result becoming

Richard Branson Leadership Style and Philosophy Essay

Richard Branson Leadership Style and Philosophy - Essay Example The present research has identified that over the years the Virgin Group has always been famous for their focus on customer service. However, Branson’s theory asserts that their highest priority is in making their employees as comfortable as possible. The reasoning behind this theory is that when a company has happy and satisfied employees, the employees will be able to give their best in the production process. As a result, the products and services that are produced by such companies will be in accordance with the expectation of the customers. As a result, customers will be satisfied and will remain loyal to the brand. This implies that there will be higher profits, which simply mean that investors will also be highly rewarded for their investment. Despite the fact that the Virgin Group has businesses in various parts of the world, it is improper to refer to the Virgin Group as a multinational. This is because all their businesses operate separately with Branson serving as a major shareholder in all cases. He also acts as the chairman and public relations supremo in all cases. Branson believes in product departmentalization, which refers to dividing an organization into various departments depending on the kind of product or service that they produce. For the sake of flexibility and the highly changing business environment, Branson believes that business organizations can highly benefit from using organic structures. Their companies use various types of departmentalization such as geographic and customer departmentalization because of the independent nature of their companies. Richard Branson should consider more postmodern organizations. This is because globalization has led to a business environment where factors that affect the functioning of a business are more than just those that are dominant in the geographical area in which they operate. It gets to a moment that even the individual organizations will have to expand past their comfort zone for t he sake of growth and competitiveness. However, it should also be noted that globalization leads to a situation where cultures are crossing borders. This is an implication that business organization needs to be more flexible so that they can be able to adapt to the changes that are brought about by the growth of globalization.

Never Elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Never Elements - Essay Example Besides, this literary work can be considered as a temporary escape from the real world to an imaginary world under the earth. Thesis statement: In the literary work Neverwhere, Neil Gaiman makes use of strange and invisible characters and a fantastic location below the earth to prove the futility of materialistic life, and the scope of a different life. Most striking elements in the novel: This section is divided into three: Strange characters, Fantastic location, and Invisible characters. Strange characters The characters in the novel, like Door, Croup, Marquis, Hunter, etc., appear to be strange because they symbolize life in a magical context. One can easily identify the fact that the novelist portrays the protagonist (say, Richard Mayhew) as the representative of the mortal world. On the other side, Door represents the link between the mortal world and the imaginary world. In Neil Gaiman’s fiction, the narrator made clear that, â€Å"He looked to see where she had come f rom, but the wall was blank and brick and unbroken† (25). She appears to the protagonist as a mystery because she does not try to reveal her real identity. Besides, the strange characters never try to communicate with the human beings who are living in the mortal world. Once, Door seeks help from the protagonist and this incident breaks the secrecy of the underground world. The strange characters in the novel are not interested to lead normal lives because they are aware of the fact that the possibility of their survival is related to the secrecy of the underground world. To be specific, the underground dwellers are symbolic of the devil and his followers, who are forced to flee from the heaven. Within this context, some of the strange characters like Islington, and Lamia represent sin. On the other side, the characters like Door, Marquis and Hunter represent virtue. Still, this basic difference adds strangeness to the characters that are forced to live beneath the earth to co mplete their mission. Fantastic location The novelist makes use of the location to help the reader to find out the differences between the mortal world and the virtual real world. To be specific, the map of the London Subway, printed on Richard’s umbrella is symbolic of the virtual real world. The narrator made clear that, â€Å"Then a click, and it blossomed into a huge white map of the London Underground network, each line drawn in a different color, every station marked and named† (3-4). One can see that the novelist exploits the scope of commonplaces as locations. The dwellers of London Below, known as Rat-Speakers, never try to reveal their identity in the real world. Besides, they are not aware of the life beyond their area. The market place at the Floating Market is symbolic of an underdeveloped society, where barter system still prevails as an economic system. The people who live in the underworld depend upon this economic system. Still, the dwellers of the und erworld make use of urban transportation mode to travel. In the novel, the underground railway network leads to the Earl's Court. So, one can see that the abandoned transportation method under the earth’s surface is used by the dwellers of the underworld. In the novel, the character named as Hunter hesitates to enter the real world and decides to stay at an underground station, which is under a museum known as British Museum. So, the novelist makes use of the fantastic location (say, the world beneath the city of

Applying Counting Method Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying Counting Method - Speech or Presentation Example At first we had 5 choices, then 4, and then 3.The total number of options was 5*4*3=60. We had to pick three pupils out of the five. To do this, we had to start with all the 5 options, then4, and, lastly, 3 when we ran out of the top three positions. The factorial for this is: 5! =5.4.3.2.1, but we only need 5*4*3 .So how do we get rid of 2*1? If we do 5!/2!, we get this: 5!/2!=5.4.3.2.1/2.1=5.4.3we used 2, because this is what remained after picking the top three positions. This can further be expressed as: 5! / (5-3)! This means that we use the first three numbers of 5! On the other hand, combination is very simple, since the order does not matter. Dog, cat, and a goat. Let’s figure out how many different ways these animals can be rearranged. We have 3 choices for the first animal, 2 for the second animal, and 1 for the last one. Therefore, we have 3*2*1 ways to rearrange the animals. Since there are 30 runners for the qualifier, the first run can be ran by all of them, the 2nd by 29, the 3rd by 28, the 4th by 27, and so on until the remaining individual is one in the track. Hence, the answer is 30

What communication process is the most affective when advising Essay

What communication process is the most affective when advising workgroups of contract negotiations to maintain a positive workplace environment - Essay Example The literature review examines various unions and workgroups communication to particular member problem with a methodological discussion to help employee to maintain a positive workplace environment despite their grievances. Contract negotiations by the Association of flight attendants, its flight attendants members and the airlines itself has experienced an ongoing conflict for a long period of time. Workers union has the mandate of communicating effectively to the employees of a particular workgroup the means of negotiating contract agreements in a way that positive workplace environment is maintained. This is unlike the case where most unions threaten employers with strikes and go slow activities to force solutions to employee grievances. It is important for the workers to use an effective means of communication that will prevent development of unhealthy behavior among the workforce. I have observed that undesirable communications to employees have a significantly negative impact on the work environment since it may encourage negative attitudes towards work and the management. The most effective process that union representatives can use to communicate to its member’s the issues regarding to their grievances when advising them is face to face. The process of face to face communication is the most effective way that will achieve negotiation result while a positive workplace environment is maintained. Face to face communications involves a situation where a joint meeting that involves all parties holding a discussion of issues that relates to each party. The discussions help workers to maintain a positive work environment as they negotiate their grievances with employers. The employee grievances range from issues of job security for both continuing and new employees to compensation and work benefits package incase of termination of employment. The union acts as a mediator between the employer and the employees with regards to

Global Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Marketing Strategy - Essay Example As a result, most housing industries have been on the rise. This has also attracted growth in the transport sector and computer systems. Most of the industries in this sector opt not to use market-oriented approach. According to Walker and Mullins, the competitive nature of the environment does not necessitate ultra sensitivity of the needs of the buyers. However, these companies have mastered the economic needs of customers and are moving speedily to address them. They have identified a growing need for assets as the vital driving force for consumer appetite. They have also dealt with the long-term consumer needs and are working on pricing structures and increasing consumer demands. Companies like The Home Depot are known to have adopted that approach. The automobile manufacturers have increased sales by having to re-look at the global trends and the changing consumer demands and the economic conditions in key target markets. According to Morningstar, poor mid to long-term performan ce strategy can cost companies if not well handled. A good casing point is the Nissan Company compared to the general motors. Market positioning is essential when it comes to long-term consumer strategies and brand differentiation (Walker&Orville, 2011). General motors’ have made its reputation in conducting research on consumer needs and attitudes with helps them in developing products that are appealing to consumers (Bartlett & Wozny, 2005). Nissan is accused of not coming up with differentiated products that do not stand out. This is due to inadequate through market research when it comes to consumer needs. Successful marketing is known to affect organizational productivity directly. This necessitates companies to take... This paper proclaims that the growing global marketing strategy demands that the next generation of organizational leaders get employees who have a large knowledgebase. Organizations are looking for a multiplicity of talents and experience. Such a workforce is known to maximize productivity and minimize organizational costs. The new global marketing strategy demands the employees engage in critical thinking and take up their roles with passion and understanding. Organizations have taken to training workers with an aim of enhancing leadership skills and innovation. However, training alone is inadequate. Employees must be directly involved in decision making, in the own portfolios. They must become part of the solutions to the organizational challengers through employee participation in the leadership process. In conclusion, the paper aproves that the modern day aspect of managing market and strategy calls for stakeholder engagement and long-term strategy in marketing. The new market myopic of viewing the customer as mere short term consumer is changing fast. The consumer must be viewed as a member of the global society who has complex needs and long term targets. Organizations have begun paying close attention to research based on culture and consumer perception to avoid imposing consumer needs. The link between the roles of stakeholders in marketing organizational products is being addressed. The global market place has shifted radically, and it demands the use of both conventional and unconventional marketing strategies to address the challenge of appealing to and satisfying modern, empowered consumers.

Political Oppositions Abortions Essay Example for Free

Political Oppositions Abortions Essay Old Righteous with its   â€Å" Solid as a rock† slogan is the political party for you. Not only do we stand behind every word we say our backing comes from a long line of leaders that also support our beliefs. We have been around for fifty years and counting. Old Righteous believes that if something is not broken then don’t fix it. We apply this method with every aspect of our campaign. One of the major topics of discussion that recently came to our attention is the opportunity for women to abort pregnancies. Pregnancy is a choice that we believe is made before the conception of the child. During planned pregnancies women and men know that there is a baby about to be born. When a pregnancy is not planned they are other options to prevent it from happening. As one of the more proven methods of birth control, abstinence has always proven to be affective. Although it may be one of the hardest for some couples we stand behind it 100%. Also unmarried couple should thoroughly discuss what they’re plans are if they intend to have intercourse and get pregnant. These topics will enlighten the mind of the younger generation. It will also make them think twice about just making bad decision they will have to pay for later. We consider an unborn fetus to be a child in the most precious developing stages of his or her life. Because he or she is not able to defend him or she in this battle means that there should be more traditional beliefs standing behind them to prevent it from ever occurring. Abortion is some that should not be a resort. Many agencies offer adoption and transfer of custody to family and friends. These children deserve life. It was destined for them to be born or they would have never been made. No one should have the choice to terminate the existences of another human being beginning. Campaign Names:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today’s Woman Slogan:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pro Choice is the only Choice; life is only life is planned Party’s Platform: Today’s Woman is the debating campaign that believes â€Å" pro choice is the only choice; life is only life if it is planned† Today’s Woman believes that many people make mistakes and should not be punished for them. Having a child is a life long decision and some of people are just not ready for that. Considering the amount of hungry starving children and the homeless population in society today; keeping you right to abortion could prove beneficial. Knowing when you can and cannot handle a situation is a big decision. Doing something about it makes you an adult. Many people get pregnant for the wrong reasons and should not have to pay for it the rest of their life. Their children will suffer from some type of mental anguish feeling their parent’s regret. Parents tend to not be married or split up for various reasons. Also, many children end up living in a single parent household due to unforeseen circumstances. Others are just left to fend of themselves in the streets because of parent on drugs and poor living conditions. Child welfare seldom steps in to monitor many homes because the cases of neglect are never reported. This cause many other larger problems for the social economy. Today’s Woman feels that no society should have to reproduce in or to satisfy someone else’s moral decisions. To each his or her owns is the method we believe. Some things work for a lot of people but nothing works for us all. Women should be allowed to do what works best for them. They should make intelligent decision based on their personal needs and lifestyle. If they make a mistake and get pregnant through some type of unfortunate circumstances they should be allowed to terminate the pregnancy without regret. Reference: (2006). Life/Pro-Choice Debate. Accessed 5/3/2006. New York. Times Company. Website: http://atheism.about.com/od/booksabortion/ William A. Gamson. And Larry G. Peppers (2000). Simulated Society. (5th ed) Creating a Better Society (pp. 104) NewYork, NY. Free Press Nick Farrell (2006).   Amazon is anti-abortion. Accessed 5/4/2006. The Inquirer. Website: http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=30429

Predictors of Patient Satisfaction

Predictors of Patient Satisfaction CHAPTER 1: Introduction In this chapter we will briefly discuss the background of the research area. At first an overview of the patients satisfaction concept will be introduced. This will be followed by the relevance of this thesis to the country of Kuwait. After that, we will present a discussion of the problem that will give a better understanding to the reader for our subject. The chapter ends with a brief description of the thesis structure follow. 1.1 Overview: The patient experience reflects the way in which a person perceives the sum total of his experiences with the health system throughout the continuum of care. This experience is influenced by the total of the encounters between the patient and the caregiver, of the patient’s expectations from the health system and from the organizational culture in all of the frameworks with which the patient comes in contact. In recent years, the patient experience has become a central talking point in the ongoing discourse of the health systems in Israel and worldwide, which coincides with numerous social trends: Increasing public awareness of the patient’s rights. Public demand for transparency in conduct and for exploiting opportunities to improve. Activity of patient safety organizations. Changes in the service and consumer cultures. Demand for equality and accessibility to each and every individual. Increasing use of electronic communication and social media in search of medical information, knowledge sharing among patients, recommendation of specialists, alternative treatments and facilities and so on. Patient satisfaction is generally considered as the extent  to which the patients feel that their needs and  expectations are being met by the services provided[4]. Patient satisfaction predicts both compliances [5] and  utilisation [6] and may even be related to improved  health [7]. It also contributes to the atmosphere  prevailing in a PHCC [7,8]. It is associated with  continuity of care [3], the doctors communication skills  [9], the degree of his or her patient centeredness [10]  and the congruence between intervention desired and  that received by the patient [11] . Other factors  influencing satisfaction with medical care include  confidence in the system and a positive outlook on life  in general[12] . Finally, satisfaction is the judgment of  the patient on the care that has been provided [13]. The  physician remains a key element in patient satisfaction  [14]. Summarize chapter 2 in one a half page start with small problem definition, actually there are determinants 1.2 Relevance of this thesis to the country of Kuwait With the huge growing number of cancer patients worldwide in recent years the needs of effective and capable health care suppliers is mandatory. The health care sector in Kuwait has been occupying very important position among the public, as it takes the responsibility to maintain peoples heath and to prevent disease as well to secure complete coverage of the health care services. Kuwait consists six general hospitals for several specialty, and more than 70 care clinics. With an aging facilities and growing population, hospitals have become overused with empower of tools and equipments and the care clinics are not serving dangerous situations or real disease. Cancer cases in Kuwait has reached the top of disease and have been recognized as a main cause of deaths in the country (Alduaij 2012). Kuwait control cancer centre (KCC) comprehensive cancer center have 600 qualified medical staff and 459 beds. KCCC treats over 2000 new cancer patients each year and total of 28,697 from Kuwait and the region(Kuwaitcancercenter.com 2014)[50]. Identification of predictors of patient satisfaction (what aspects of care matter the most to patients) enables policy makers at the Ministry of Health in Kuwait to focus on these aspects and improve them. The correlates of socio-demographic characteristics of patients with satisfaction allow the health care providers to cater to the different needs of patients based on their socio-demographic characteristics. This study aims at identifying predictors of patient satisfaction in the primary care clinics of the Ministry of Health, Kuwait (factors leading to patient satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and its socio-demographic correlates. 1.3 Problem Definition: Lack of proper strategies and support system by Ministry of Health (MOH). There are many obstacles interfering the treatment of patients in Kuwait due to poor system and insufficient management strategies that is related to health care services (Alduaij 2012). Kuwait Cancer Control Center (KCC) which was built back in the 70s is considered as one of the important medical centers in Kuwait for the reason of increasing number of cancer patients in Kuwait (KCC 2014)[51]. KCC have a capacity of 459 beds against 28,697 patients with 1643 employeed,490 nursed, and 11 physicians. Based on that, the hospital have witnessed a migration of the experienced staff which results in shortage of human resources and accordingly leads to instability and sub-optimal medical system (Annaharkw.com, 2014)[53]. Huge public demand to improve hospital services. According to Arab Times (2014)[52] the previous Kuwaiti parliament members have step against the low performance of Ministry of Health (MOH) and of KCCC in particular. They have raised their disagreement over the government’s failure to control the disease and to provide adequate services to satisfy the patients. Many issues were declared to the ministir of health seeking for urgent solutions such as: long waiting time, unavailability of beds , lack of the hospital human resources and machinery as well financial and administrative capabilities. Temporary recovery plan but not permanent solutions. His Highness the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, at the end of year 2013 gave instructions to the government to send cancer patients for treatment abroad at the States expense and to expedite with actions (Kuna, 2014)[50]. The reason for the urgency of this new law was due to public dissatisfaction, and the continuous complaints toward cancer treatment in Kuwait. Dire personnel experience A personnel experience with the cancer disease has been the real motivation behind this study. Watching a dear person suffering not just because of the disease, but because of shortage of resources and lack of proper support system, is the hardest thing ever especially when it comes to losing that dear person forever. 3.6 Research objectives The research objectives are as the following: To explore and review the available international literature about the cancer patents satisfaction. To discuss the determinant of cancer patients satisfaction. To identify service quality dimensions related to cancer patients. To investigate the importance of quality of life for cancer patients. To find out the impact of socio demographic characteristic on cancer patients in Kuwait. 3.7 Research questions Based on the objectives of the study, key questions should be addressed: 1. What are the determinants needed to reach an effective cancer patients satisfaction in Kuwait? 2. What are the health related service quality dimensions? 3. What are the quality of life factors that contribute cancer patients satisfaction? 4. What is the effect of socio-demographic characteristic on cancer disease in Kuwait? 1.6 Research Methodology Our research is considered deductive, quantitative, descriptive and explanatory based on the experiments presented in our literature review. This study is focusing on cancer patients and the benefits that are provided by KCCC hospitals and their personnel life. The questionnaire is in two language English and Arabic and have been randomly distributed in Kuwait cancer control centre and on website. The study population consisted of the patients who came for therapy in KCCC ( outpatients) and the sample size consisted of 300 patients based on total cancer patients in Kuwait which are approximately 28,697 patients. The eligibility criteria included patients who have been diagnosed with different types of cancer as a minimum of 6 months ,above 21 years old and currently are undergoing treatment. The questionnaire contained a socio-demographic characteristics as well as the overall satisfaction with the different aspects of quality of services and quality of life. At last, The data analys is is obtained through using different statistical techniques by using the SPSS software version 17. 1.7 Thesis structure This thesis is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter, we will be providing a background and an overview of the selected research subject, followed by the problem area discussion and description of the thesis structure. In chapter two, an academic literature review related to patients satisfaction and the different independents variables such as physcian concern,staff concern, convenience of care process, tangibles, social well-being, emotional well-being, and information knowledge will be introduced based on theories, academic studies and reports. Chapter three explains the methodology and techniques that have been used in our thesis to analyze and carry out this study. In chapter four, an analysis of the empirical data will be presented along with a discussion of the survey findings and results. Last chapter, number 5, is summarizing the results that have been achieved in our study along with a comparison with other studies. At the end of the final chapter, we will be pro viding a conclusion and recommendations for management and future research. A definition of quality of life The quality of life can only be described and measured in individual terms, and depends on present lifestyle, past experience, hopes for the future, dreams and ambitions. Quality of life must include all areas of life and experience and take into account the impact of illness and treatment. A good quality of life can be said to be present when the hopes of an individual are A good quality of life is therefore usually expressed in terms of satisfaction, contentment, happiness and fulfillment and the ability to cope. This definition emphasizes the importance of personal growth. (K. Chambers et al., 2011) Calman, K. 1984. Quality of life in cancer patients -an hypothesis. Journal of medical ethics, [Accessed: 16 Nov 2013].

The Shipping News :: essays research papers

The Shipping News â€Å"I’m tired of going somewhere. I want to be there!† These words spoken by Bunny Quoyle, riding along with her family on their way to the old homestead in Killick Claw, New Foundland seems an exclamation to a deeper desire to settle what has been an unsettled and unhappy life. The quote could also define the transition that Quolyle, Bunny’s father, experiences. Quoyle is nowhere it seems, until he finally arrives somewhere meaningful. The transformation is a lot about getting over the loss of his wife, Petal, but also much about getting over himself as a loser and getting to a place of contentedness and confidence. Quoyle’s life rides on waves – some small that are body-surfing-like, others that are huge and tumultuous that crash onshore with Tsunami-like devastation. Eventually, he manages to find a place suitable and sustaining. Quoyle began life feeling, believing that he had been born into the wrong family; that somehow he ended up with the wrong parents. He stumbled into adulthood, feeling invisible until someone noticed. His lack of esteem and confidence is evidenced by his always trying to hide his chin with his hand; the hand always goes to the chin, his monstrous chin, when he feels threatened. His love for Petal is partly based on the fact that he caught her attention – once, quite by accident – and that they had a meaningless sexual relationship that resulted in two children. He is the sort of character you feel sorry for from the start, feel badly that he’ll never become anybody, never make something of himself, yet you want to cheer for him all along the way. As we get to know Quoyle, we realize that although he has a negative self image, is always self conscious and has no confidence in his abilities, he has a huge heart and a huge capacity to love, and he especially has a huge consciousness to do what is right for his family. Quoyle is a man growing into himself. His first opportunity to grow comes by an invitation from his aunt to move to New Foundland, to settle in his family’s ancestral home and to find his roots. â€Å"You can be anything you want with a fresh start,† says his aunt in convincing him to go. And off they all go – the aunt, Quoyle, Bunny and Sunshine – and all their self-possessed demons.

cause of world war Essay -- essays research papers

Cause of World War I Unlike World War II, the causes of World War I are not as clear cut. Historians say the war had been building up for some time prior to 1914. The "Great War" was not caused by megalomaniacs hungry for power as in the case of Mussolini and Hitler during World War II. The origins are more complex. First one is the alliance Systems The causes can be explained, more in political terms than human terms. From the end of the Franco-Prussian War, a system of secret alliances developed in Europe. This eventually split the continent into two hostile sides. Because so many different powers were involved in mutual defense agreements, when the war did happen, it involved nearly every country of Europe. Due to the alliances, some powers were forced to support policies followed by their partners, which they didn't really condone. Lastly, the secret alliances led to suspicion and the belief that far more secret agreements existed, then was in fact, the case. Secondly competition The competition for colonies was another source of international antagonism. The great powers sectioned off Africa among them, established spheres of influence in China and sought protectorates elsewhere. Sooner or later this rush to appropriate new territories was bound to spark disagreements over boundaries of control. Thirdly, militarism All the countries within the hostile camps were building large armies and navies during the pre-war ...

What is Post-Modernism? Essay -- Philosophy, Modernism

What is Post-Modernism? The aim of this essay is to explain how Post-Modernism has influenced our contemporary built environment and explain what other movements have derived from it. I would argue that Post-Modernism is a worldwide movement in all arts and disciplines. A definition of postmodernism will provide a better understanding of the trend that would show how it is relevant to contemporary culture and important for the future. Postmodernism became an important movement right after the Second World War, and the movement spread around Europe and North America during the early 20th century. According to Malpas, S. (2005, p.12) Postmodernism, focus on style and methods of representation, and is often interpreted as a successor to modernism. Similar to Architecture, postmodernism influenced all kind of art such as: Art, music, theatre, literature, dance and even photography. In the work of Best, S. and Kellner, D. â€Å"Postmodern turn† (1997, p.152) they state that postmodern architecture was a particular reaction to the aesthetics and as they describe â€Å"Philosophical assumptions† of the International Style. This is because one believes that the International style was refusing to incorporate the architectural forms of previous generations as if they were trying to detach themselves from the past. In contrary Best, S. and Kellner, D. (1997, p.153) claim that postmodernism returns to the past to combine and play with different styles, it embraces it for its rich symbolic and stylistic sources. In contrast to modernism, which rejects history. Postmodernist retuned to the past because they believed that we shouldn’t forget about our past, especially with what happen during the Second World War. So architects believe... ... If they try to sort out problems within the form of the building there it a chance that certain parts of the building with have no function, or the other way round. If they try to solve the problem of certain function in the building, then there is a chance that the form or the build might not have a standard form. He continues by stating, â€Å" we know longer argue the precedence of form or function, we cannot deny their interdependence†. Complexity of a program has often accompanied simplicity of form like early Le Corbusier. More recent explanation for the simplicity in architecture, are various expansions of Mies Van der Rohe, contradictory â€Å"Less is more†. In response to Mies van der Rohe’s famous proclamation, Venturi replied: â€Å"Less is a bore.† Above all, Copeland (1983, p.39) claims Venturi pits himself against the modernists’ obsession with purity.

Allusion: Literal meaning Essay

I would have such a fellow whipped for o’erdoing Termagant (II,ii,14)Hamlet is giving instructions to the troupe of actors that has come to the castle. These actors are going to perform a play within a play and Hamlet has added some lines to the play in the hope of exposing Claudius’ treachery. â€Å"Termagant† is an allusion to a god that Elizabethans believed Muslims worshipped. It out herods Herod (III,ii,14)Herod is the king in the Bible that had John the Baptist beheaded and was responsible for Jesus’ death. This allusion is particularly important to Hamlet because like Claudius, Herod married his brother’s wife. John the Baptist told Herod that this was evil, so Herod’s wife Herodias instructed her daughter to ask for the head of John the Baptist, a request with which Herod complied. Hamlet is telling the players not to overdo their acting, not to be more like Herod than Herod himself. â€Å"For O, For O, the hobbyhorse is forgot†Hamlet is talking to Ophelia. It is right before the play is to be performed. He looks at his mother and Claudius and complains that they have forgotten all about his father, who has only died two hours ago. Ophelia tells him it has been four months. Hamlet’s response continues his pretext of being mad because he replies that his father has been dead two months, trying to convince Ophelia further that he is mad, but if a man is to be remembered after six months, he must build churches, otherwise he will not be remembered any more than a prostitute. The hobby horse allusion refers to a player in the pagan May-Day festivals and is sometimes associated with prostitutes

Work Measurement

The purpose of work measurement is to determine the time it ought to take to do a job. The problem is in the definition of â€Å"ought to. † Work measurement analyst define this as the time it should take an experienced and well-trained operator to perform the job in a specific and well-defined method at a speed that can be maintained all day, day after day, without undue fatigue. This time, called standard time, can be divided into several parts: the actual elements used to perform the job; the rating factor used to determine the â€Å"normal† pace of these elements (the method used to determine the â€Å"ought to† time); and an allowance for personal time, unavoidable delays, and slowing due to fatigue. There are four main systems of work measurement. First, and most used, is time study, specifically, stop-watch time study. Motion picture and video cameras, computers, and various production timing devices can also be used in the place of, and in conjunction with, the stop watch. The second system, work sampling, is a statistical procedure for measuring work and requires an understanding of the techniques of statistics and probability. The third system, predetermined time systems (PDT), uses sets of tables of basic motions that have already been â€Å"normalized† by experts. Thus, PDT systems do not require the analyst to â€Å"rate† or â€Å"level† the measurement. Finally, there is the standard data system of work measurement which, strictly speaking, is not a measurement technique at all. Here similar elements made up of similar groups of motions from the other measurement systems are tabled and then reused as needed for subsequent products and standards. USES OF WORK MEASUREMENT Work measurement is used to determine standards against which comparisons can be made for a variety of purposes. 1. Wage incentives. If workers are to be paid in accordance with the amount of work accomplished rather than the amount of time expended (hourly), some means of determining an acceptable, or fair, amount of work is needed. The payment for work accomplished could be based on sales price and profits, but a fairer method is to establish a standard and pay in accordance to that standard. 2. Schedules. In order to schedule work effectively and keep things running smoothly and orderly, a knowledge of expected working times is an absolute necessity. Budgets. Budgets provide needed control over funds. One of their more important inputs is operating costs. Standards provide the expected operating times from which these costs are computed. 4. Labor cost control. Labor cost is usually a very significant percentage of the total manufacturing cost (normally from 10 to 40 percent). To control these costs, the actual costs must be compared to a standard and any deviation corrected, especially if the actual is greater than the standard. . Downtime studies. Properly developed standards include reasonable allowances (extra time) for personal time, unavoidable delays, and fatigue. Both time study and work sampling can be used to determine these allowances. They can also be used on a continuing basis (daily or weekly) to measure actual downtime and personal time when definitive production records are not kept and standards are not used.

As readers we feel confused by the events of the first chapter

From the outset, Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ creates an air of mystery in both the characters and setting that contributes to the confusion felt by the reader. Many of the ideas and symbols used in the first chapter of the book epitomise the technique utilised by Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ throughout the novel. â€Å"Wuthering Heights† has been described as a ‘Chaotic novel'1and many believe that it is intended to confuse and bewilder the reader. After reading the first chapter, the reader is confused about the situation and questions are left unanswered. We are unsure about many of the facts. We know the date is 1801 and that Lockwood is a tenant of Heathcliff's at Thrushcross Grange, but we are unaware of any of the characters' significance in the novel. We are introduced to the servant, Joseph, and briefly encounter Zillah, although we are not told her name. The reader is not informed of the relationships between any of the characters. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ purposefully keeps the facts ambiguous, which emphasises the feelings of confusion. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s tone and style is mysterious and foreboding from the beginning. In particular, the use of descriptions such as ‘gaunt', ‘defended', ‘jutting', ‘crumbling' and ‘grotesque' add to the grim feel of the novel from the start and the seemingly impenetrable facade of the characters. As readers, we are intended to feel an affinity with Lockwood, who is portrayed as completely alien to the situation. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ uses many symbols which continue throughout the novel to suggest this. When Lockwood first arrives at the Heights, the atmosphere is unwelcoming, ‘a perfect misanthropists Heaven.' His entrance to Wuthering Heights is made difficult and uncomfortable, ‘he did pull out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly proceeded me up the causeway' and the greeting is morose from Joseph, ‘looking meantime in my face so sourly that I charitably conjectured he must have need of divine aid to digest his dinner'. Heathcliff's abrupt attitude towards Lockwood, ‘appeared to demand (his) speedy entrance or complete departure'. The doorway into â€Å"the house† is then guarded by ‘grotesque carvings' that reiterates that Lockwood is unwelcome. The famous essay, ‘The Window Image in Wuthering Heights' by Dorothy Van Ghent puts across the point that doors and windows are used symbolically in â€Å"Wuthering Heights†. Characters are unable, or find it difficult, to enter or leave Wuthering Heights. In the first chapter, we see a glimpse of this reality in Lockwoods uncomfortable entrance into Wuthering Heights. Phrases such as, ‘gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun' give the impression of people being trapped, an idea expressed by Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in the novel as a whole. Wuthering heights at first appears to be a place trapped in time, almost, ‘completely removed from the stir of society.' The building, dated â€Å"1500† is 300 years old, which suggests a history to the building. Later in the novel, the perception that Wuthering Heights and its characters are trapped is extended. The idea is epitomised by the ghost of Catherine that appears to Lockwood. The repeated use of doubles throughout the book also adds to this effect. â€Å"Hareton Earnshaw† is inscribed on the entrance to Wuthering Heights and is also a character currently living at the Heights when Lockwood visits. The two Cathy's in the novel notably add to the confusion and mystery created in the book. This heightens the effect of Wuthering Heights as a place which seems to defy time. There are many more examples of this in the novel. Frank Kermode has pointed out that the names on the windowsill when read left to rights show the elder Catherine's life, but left to right, the younger's. This gives an example of how the characters lives are confusingly entwined during the course of the novel and adds to bewilderment in the reader. In the first chapter, we are introduced by Lockwood to the vast importance of weather in â€Å"Wuthering Heights†: ‘†Wuthering† being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather' Here, Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ prefaces one of the most major symbols used in â€Å"Wuthering Heights†. Depiction of the novel, from modern films to old paintings inevitably includes the imagery of the moors and ‘tumultuous sky and wild landscape.'2Even in the opening paragraphs, the connotations suggested by words such as ‘wilderness' and ‘jutting' suggest a feeling of defencelessness to the reader. The landscape and weather is portrayed as all-present, frequently reoccurring in metaphors and in the characters themselves, such as the ‘stormy'3Catherine. The reader feels overpowered and confused by the depth of thought in the novel as a whole and the vagueness of the first chapter. ‘Tumult', ‘gaunt', ‘crumbling' and ‘craving' when used to describe the surroundings at Wuthering Heights, also, simultaneously describes the feeling of confusion and helplessness that the reader experiences at the beginning of the novel. The confusion and feeling of being trapped in the novel is likely to be directly linked to Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own confusion and withdrawal from the world. Many of the Gondal poems Emily wrote as an escape included situations in which characters were trapped, often in prisons from which they could only escape through the imagination. Scholars such as Mary Visack have noted a progression in Emily's work from the poems to the novel in this way. This poem by Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ shows uses of nature and weather, as well as very powerful language, ‘descending', ‘drear', ‘darkening', to describe the same feeling of loneliness and isolation depicted in Wuthering Heights. ‘The night is darkening round me, The wild winds coldly blow; But a tyrant spell has bound me And I cannot, cannot go. The giant trees are bending Their bare boughs weighed with snow, And the storm is fast descending And yet I cannot go. Clouds beyond clouds above me, Wastes beyond wastes below; But nothing drear can move me; I will not, cannot go.' The reader feels not only an affinity with Lockwood and his own confusion and isolation, but also with Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own feelings at that time. Also, these feelings are symbolic of Cathy's loss of power and helplessness later in the book. The reader feels isolated at first from the events of the text and unaware of what it means. Lockwood does not inspire confidence as a narrator during the first chapter. He frequently misjudges things, leading the reader to mistrust his initial opinions and views, adding to the confoundment felt at the start of the novel. The ‘homely, northern farmer' that Lockwood would expect is deeply contrasted by the ‘rather morose' reality of Heathcliff. The contrasts themselves within Heathcliff are another cause for confusion. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ frequently utilises Lockwood's judgements in this way to further cloud the readers mind. ‘He is a dark-skinned gypsy in aspect, in dress and manners a gentleman.' Heathcliff's description constantly contradicts itself. Lockwood then goes on to judge Heathcliff very quickly, ‘by instinct'. However, the overconfident manner in which he announces his opinions then dismisses them, ‘No, I'm running on to fast', puts the reader on guard. In his description of Wuthering Heights, Lockwoods view of what should be is opposed by the reality: ‘I observed no signs of roasting boiling or baking, about the huge fire-place.' Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ uses dark imagery in phrases such as ‘heavy black ones lurking in the shade', ‘swarm of squealing puppies' and ‘other dogs haunted other recesses' to re-emphasise the foreboding and unwelcoming feel to Wuthering Heights once again. The signs in Wuthering Heights appear to be unreadable. What Lockwood thought were ‘cats' were in fact dead rabbits. The dogs are ‘four-footed fiends'. The contrasting descriptions of Heathcliff are also perplexing and later Lockwood, and the reader, are unable to decipher relationships between the characters. We are unsure if Hareton is a servant or a master and we cannot understand Catherine's relationships with other characters. This is mirrored, later, when the reader is confused about the names on the windowsill. We are unsure whether the Catherines are the same person or not. Later still, the reader is confused again when the civilised Lockwood horrifically rubs the young girl's wrist against the broken glass 'till the blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes'. The eclectic mix of styles and qualities of the book in general add somewhat to it's confusion. There is a frequent use of ghosts and spirits, yet as Patsy Stoneman denotes, it has qualities of a ‘very down-to-earth book'4. In the first chapter we see a reflection of this mix in the grim descriptions, which contrast with both Lockwood and the ‘lusty dame'. The violence hinted at with the dogs contrasts again with these styles and is a direct precursor to events later in the book. â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is an extremely well-structured novel, in which Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is able to control the readers thoughts and emotions to add to the powerful effect of the novel as a whole. In the first chapter, she is able to create an air of mystery, confusion and intrigue which is enhanced and expanded as the story unfolds. Still many critics find â€Å"Wuthering Heights† ‘a preposterous text'5 that is ‘back to front'and refuses to make sense by ‘normal' standards. There are certainly many levels the book can be read and enjoyed on. However, I think the most profound message in the book's confusion is the affinity it creates between Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the reader. This message is also mirrored later in the similarities between Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own character and Heathcliff's and the parallels drawn between Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own religious crisis and the character of Joseph. Essentially, â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is the only insight into the mysterious and reserved Emily Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.

Moral Relativism vs. Moral Objectivism

Moral relativism is a philosophical doctrine which claims that moral or ethical theses do not reveal unqualified and complete moral truths (Pojman, 1998). However, it formulates claims comparative to social, historical, and cultural, or individual preferences. Moreover, moral relativism recommends that no particular standard or criterion exists by which to evaluate and analyze the truthfulness of a certain ethical thesis. Relativistic standpoints repeatedly see moral values as valid only within definite cultural limitations or in the framework of personal preferences. An intense relativist stance might imply that assessing the moral or ethical decisions or acts of other individuals or group of individuals does not contain any value, still most relativists bring forward a more inadequate account of the theory. On the other hand, moral relativism is most commonly mistake as correspondence to moral pluralism/value pluralism. Moral pluralism recognizes the co-existence of contrasting and divergent ideas and practices yet it does not entail yielding them the same authority. Moral relativism, quite the opposite, argues that differing moral standpoints do not contain truth-value. At the same time, it suggests that no ideal standard of reference that is available by which to evaluate them (Pojman, 1998). History traces relativist principles and doctrines more than some thousand years ago. The claim by Protagoras that man is the measure of all things marks a premature philosophical antecedent to modern relativism (Pojman, 1998). Furthermore, Herodotus, a Greek historian, viewed that every society looks upon its own belief system and means of performing their functions as the finest, in comparison to that of others. Though different prehistoric philosophers also inquired the concept of a universal and unconditional standard of morality, Herodotus argument on moral relativism remains as the most fundamental idea of moral relativism. In the medieval age of moral philosophy, Thomas Aquinas defines moral philosophy as the collection or collections of ideas and claims which, as values and guidelines of action, identify the types of preferred action that are justly intellectual and rational for human persons and society (Pojman, 1998). It is a basically realistic philosophy of values which motivate individuals towards human fulfillment so that better-off state of affairs is mutually represented and practicable by means of the actions that equally evident and put up the superiorities of moral fiber conventionally labeled as virtues. Aquinas argument about moral is not really confined with his prior conceptualization of the idea of virtue – that is acquired through regular practice or by habit. For him, moral law is not a mere product of habituation. As explained above, his idea of moral law is linked with the concept of rationality or reason. A human person regards an action as morally right not because it is habitually observed or performed but because it comes within rational analysis of that individual. In the contemporary period, Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, opines that morality differs in every society which is evidently framed on the idea of moral relativism (Pojman, 1998). Benedict argues that there is no such thing as moral values but only customs and traditions. She admits that each society has its own customary practices that are justified simply because they are part of the tradition exclusive to that society. For Benedict, morals obtain their values based on how individuals see certain acts and behaviors as beneficial to their society. And such is what she called as the standard of moral goodness. Now, such morally good action is deemed to perform habitually to maintain the advantages brought about by such morally good actions. In effect, being morally good and habitually performance of an action subsist together as the society upholds their own moral law. References: Pojman, L. (1998). Moral Philosophy: A Reader (2nd ed.). Hackett Publishing Company.

Marbury v. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marbury v. Madison - Essay Example The President issued the slots and the senate approved them (Smith, 1996, p.524). Some appointments, however, were termed void. The legislation was later amended, and Jefferson later eliminated some commissions, including Marbury, and re-assigned some slots to the Democratic-Republican members. Marbury filed a petition in the Supreme Court for the writ of mandamus. This led to the issues as to whether Marbury had a right to the commission, whether the law awards him a remedy, whether the Supreme Court had the original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, whether the Supreme Court had the mandate to review acts of Congress and thereby determine whether they were unconstitutional and whether the Congress could increase the Supreme Court’s mandate as provided for under Article III of the Constitution. The court held that Marbury bore a right to the commission and had a remedy. It was further provided that the Supreme Court bore the mandate to review and determine whether acts of Congress were unconstitutional, that Congress had no mandate to expand the Supreme Courts original jurisdiction beyond what is provided for under the Constitution’s Article III and that the Supreme Court lacks the original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus. This decision resulted in instituting of the model of Judicial Review, which is the judiciary’s ability to assert a law as unconstitutional. The case facilitated the principle of checks and balances within the government. It was, therefore, a win for the Democrat-Republicans as Marbury failed to attain the position of Justice of the

The Effect of Caffeine on Water Re-absorption in Kidney Lab Report

The Effect of Caffeine on Water Re-absorption in Kidney - Lab Report Example "ADH acts on the kidneys, concentrating the urine by promoting the re-absorption of water from the cortical collecting duct. Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ..." (Anti diuretic hormone, 8 October 2008). The activation process of ADH is done by water receptors and these water receptors are located in extracellular fluid as well as intracellular fluid. It is very important to maintain water homeostasis and this is done by controlling two things namely, the osomolality and the intravascular blood volume. In the body of a human being water is lost by various activities such as breathing, which contributes the maximum in loss of water in a human body other activities include sweating, urination etc. "While several of these processes occur autonomic in healthy individuals, body water homeostasis is tightly controlled by regulating both water intake (drinking) and urinary water excretion. Changes in intravascular blood volume are sensed by vascular volume- and baroreceptors, which regulate the release of the anti diuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP)." (Physiology, 8 October 2008) Caffeine is a diuretic; a diuretic is a drug which elevat... Re-absorption of water increases blood volume and concentrates the urine." (ADH, 8 October 2008). As discussed earlier in the paper that hypothalamus maintains a balance in the body and this is exactly where hypothalamus comes into effect, when hypothalamus detects a decrease in water level in blood, ADH is secreted, and the same is secreted by the posterior pituitary. ADH mainly targets the kidneys because the ultimate role of kidneys is to make sure that there is a good balance of the fluids in the body. The main function of ADH is to concentrate the urine and make sure that there is less of amount of water loss which is taking place in the body, it reduces the urine volume and prevents water loss from the body. Caffeine is responsible for reducing the vasopressin secretion, "Vasopressin is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland in response to reductions in plasma volume and in response to increases in the plasma osomolality" (Vasopressin, 8 October 2008). When caffeine is in took, it results in the reduction of vasopressin secretion, which ultimately means that the water re absorption gets reduced in the body and the output of urine becomes very frequent. The same can be understood with the help of an example, if we consume more coffee which has high levels of caffeine in it, we tend to become restless and the anxiety level in our body tend s to rise to an alarmingly high level, all this happens because of the presence of caffeine in coffee, the ultimate result of consuming more coffee will be dehydration because of the levels of caffeine present in the same. Caffeine causes the body to lose excessive amount of water and if coffee is consumed excessively, dehydration becomes inevitable. It is very easy to

Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking - Essay Example Each centre must have knowledgeable personnel to network file transfers and real time-links. At the same time, they must be competent enough to troubleshoot in case of network failure during training proper. The staffs must be headed by the network administrator to ensure "smooth flow" of information in the system. (Midkiff, 2004) As for gears, an 802.11g router (devices needed to connect various computer networks) is recommended than the 802.11b type since it supports faster peer-to-peer computer networking. (Wikipedia b, 2006) Since the company will be handling real-time video streams, it is necessary to invest in fast routers. Switches are also recommended than hubs in the setup that Wannabee Training Group wants to employ. No bandwidth sharing among various communication lines will happen if switches are to be used in the feedback feature between trainers and trainees. The switcher allows direct communication between two people privately, and will not use the traffic of the whole network. (Mitchell, 2006) The merged company must also adopt a uniform set of protocol and application to allow file sharing and video streaming (Wikipedia a, 2006). The application allows file sharing among users in the network, while the protocols provide the language by which the computers in the network will communicate. (Midkiff, 2004) On the two types of network designs, the peer

Marijuana and Prostitution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marijuana and Prostitution - Coursework Example The process of using one’s body to eaer money has been done in the olden ages and the pre historic times since the advent of the man into the earth. As of now, prostitution is not legalized in many jurisdictions all over the world. Countries such as the Netherlands have been able to legalize prostitution due to their progressive ideas and the fact that it is a huge way of making money through taxing this profession. In the following paragraphs I will explain whether prostitution is like any other crime, and if not then why do we need to legalize the oldest profession in the world. Question: 1 Whether Prostitution is like any other crime in the world? Prostitution is the art of providing the pleasure of sex on a continued basis for a long time. It has often been remarked that prostitution is like any other crime, but when one has a closer look at things and analyses them from a different perspective, one arrives at a conclusion that prostitution is not like any other crime. To commit a crime, there are two essential components, which have to be fulfilled by the person committing the crime. The first is the fact that there should be Mens Rea, and the second is the fact that there should be Actus Resus. Mens Rea is the guilty mind, while actus reus is the act committed by the guilty mind. A guilty mind under the definition of criminal law would constitute a mind which has negativism imbibed in it along with having a wrong intention of doing things in his/her favour. Prostitution is not connected with the guilty mind at all, if it was then having sex in the bedroom would also constitute to having a guilty mind and would have therefore been labeled as a crime. The imperative understanding which needs to be made here is that prostitution is nothing but providing the services of sex, and nothing else. We avail the services of law, other pleasure seeking services, then under the same perspective and the same context we also seek the services of Sex, and therefor e nothing wrong should be perceived in that context. Prostitution should be legalized for two significant reasons. The first one is the fact that there is no inclusion of any sort of guilty mind in the process of availing these services. The primary reason for availing this service is for pleasure seeking purpose and not from a criminal intention. The second reason is to have a check on the spread of STDs, especially AIDS. If prostitution is legalized all over the world, especially in countries such as India and South Africa, then it would help dramatically in having a check on AIDS along with the process of the controlling the same. Question 2: Whether Marijuana should be legalized? Yes, Marijuana should be legalized. In the United States, Marijuana has already been legalized in Colorado and Washington. This is just the beginning. The primary reason behind the legalization is again the same as prostitution. There is no criminal intent or any element criminality in the use and distr ibution of the drug. There have been many theories as to why marijuana was banned in the first place, but it must be understood and examined by the scholars that marijuana was the first drug of its kind, which provided pleasure to the human mind and brought him relaxation. The use of Marijuana for personal consumption has to be legalized in more places in the USA. The process can be initiated by having decriminalization legislation in place, and then once the response is understood and the feedback is received, then the process of legalization can be initiated. All this will happen in due course of time, and therefore although we need to keep moving slowly, we need to make sure that we move in the right direction. The benefits of legalization of Marijuana will be in a huge number. First of all, it will add as a source

Why do some protest groups use violence in the context of collective Essay - 1

Why do some protest groups use violence in the context of collective action - Essay Example Social change may render certain social groups to flourish or become powerful, and politically relevant; nevertheless, the availability of political opportunities does not automatically and immediately yield to heightened protest (Tarrow 1998, p.16). Collective action mainly focuses wholly on the behaviour and/or the authenticity of certain individuals. Collective identity draws from the recognition and the establishment of connectedness, which heralds a sense of common purpose and commitment to a certain cause. Social protests performances mainly emerge from marginalized peoples and oppositional struggles, whereby individuals utilize protests to counter hegemonic strategic via which underrepresented groups challenge the dominant social order and source of change. The representational apparatus provided by social protests serves to reinforce, re-articulate, and re-imagine the objectives of both social and political resistance (Oliver 1993, p.271). Traditional explanations to why indi viduals engage in political violence emphasize that deprivation, characteristically in the form of economic inequality generates grievances and discontent that trigger rebellion and social revolution (McCarthy and Zald 1977, p.1212). The paper explores why some protest groups utilize violence within the context of collective action. Background The contentious politics that were prominent in the 1960s and early 1970s heralded fresh energy to a subject that, for an extended period, has dominated scholarly and political legitimacy. In the 1970s, two prominent paradigms emerged from the welter of studies triggered by the disorderly politics of the 1960s, namely: the resource mobilization (RM) approach to social movement organizations within the US and the new social movement (NSM) approach within Western Europe (Thompson 1971, p.76). Historically, breakdown theory was the dominant theory that guided sociological study of collective action; nevertheless, this theory as deemed to be incre asingly incapable of accounting for the contemporaneous events (Useem 1998, p.215; Aminzade et al. 2001, p.12). Resource mobilization theory replaced breakdown theory as the dominant paradigm. Both resource mobilization and breakdown theories explain diverse forms of phenomena, and both are pertinent in helping account for the full range of forms of collective action (Goodwin and Jasper 2009, p.10). Use of Violence in the Context of Collective Action Collective action represents actions by group members directed at enhancing the conditions of the group as a unit such as petitions, demonstrations, riots, boycotts, and sit-ins. There are numerous explanations to collective action such as relative deprivation, intergroup, social identity, intergroup emotion, and resource mobilization theories. Classical theories indicate that people mostly protests to express their grievances emanating from frustration, relative deprivation, or perceived injustice. Scholars of social movements have hig hlighted that efficacy, opportunities, and resources can be utilized to predict protest participation (Tilly 2008, p.8). Politics within networks enhance efficacy and transform individual grievances into shared grievances and group-based anger that yields protest participation. At the heart of social movement phenomena is the protest event, whereby protest events are in numerous ways the front line of action within social movements. It is essential to recognize that social protests represent a collective action that is not synonymous with collective behaviours such as riots. Collection

Impacts of the French and Industrial Revolutions Essay

Impacts of the French and Industrial Revolutions - Essay Example Before the Revolution, many European countries and leaders thought of democracy as an unworkable political system. Nevertheless, the perception of the political system that was participatory and popular only began to take shape in Europe after the advent of the French Revolution (Western Civilization, 2012).The French revolution also brought about religious tolerance. Before the French revolution, there were several instances of religious feuds and tensions among Christians and Muslims. This is because Islam was not given much recognition. However, this changed immediately after the French revolution where different religions started getting recognition across Europe (Western Civilization, 2012).   The impact of the French revolution on politics could also be seen in that it caused nationalism and the idea of one nationality in one country. This ideology later resulted in the development of new refugees, known as political refugees. This gave the government the power to have greate r influence on people in Europe. Olwen (1992) points out that the French Revolution was fundamental in making the obligation of the government central to political affairs. In this regard, he reveals that the state became the all-universal power of nations in lost cases. To prove his argument, he lists several European nations which underwent democratic meltdowns before becoming dictatorial states. Some of these include the Soviet Union, Italy, Hungary, Albania, Turkey, Portugal, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Australia.... Historians argue that before the French revolution, there were several human rights violations as people were denied the freedom of movement and speech. These were only allowed for those in power. The French Revolution created a perception of universal human rights (Olwen, 1992). Before the Revolution, many European countries and leaders thought of democracy as an unworkable political system. Nevertheless, the perception of the political system that was participatory and popular only began to take shape in Europe after the advent of the French Revolution (Western Civilization, 2012). The French revolution also brought about religious tolerance. Before the French revolution, there were several instances of religious feuds and tensions among Christians and Muslims. This is because Islam was not given much recognition. However, this changed immediately after the French revolution where different religions started getting recognition across Europe (Western Civilization, 2012). The impact of the French revolution on politics could also be seen in that it caused nationalism and the idea of one nationality in one country. This ideology later resulted in the development of new refugees, known as political refugees. This gave the government the power to have greater influence on people in Europe. Olwen (1992) points out that the French Revolution was fundamental in making the obligation of the government central to political affairs. In this regard, he reveals that the state became the all-universal power of nations in lost cases. To prove his argument, he lists several European nations which underwent democratic meltdowns before becoming dictatorial states. Some of these include the Soviet Union, Italy, Hungary, Albania, Turkey, Portugal,

Career in retail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Career in retail - Essay Example 3. This position matches with the necessary skills that I have learnt as part of my education and would provide me with an ideal opportunity to put the skills to good use. Further, the job would be a good fit for me given my personality traits and other characteristics that would match the skill set requirements of the job. All in all, the job would be an ideal starting point for me and for my career into the Canadian retail industry. 4. The pros of the job are that I would be utilizing my educational background and put to use the skills that I have learnt. The job would entail training in the areas of business and management along with finance and contracting. This would enable me to pursue the related skill sets and gain valuable insights into these fields. The biggest advantage of this job is that I would be given responsibility over an entire Franchise and hence this would be an ideal start to my career in the Canadian Retail industry. 5. The cons of the job are that since the position entails responsibilities beyond the normal ones that are part of a job in the retail industry, I would have to ensure that I scale up my performance level and work longer and harder. Though I would not necessarily see this as a negative, the fact remains that this would certainly add to the burden and I have to put in that much more work to measure up to the specifications. 6. I believe that the salary being offered is reasonable considering my qualifications and the demands of the job. There is nothing in the compensation package to suggest that the salary being offered is below my expectations or is somehow not consistent with the job description. Further, I am enthused by the fact that the package involves perquisites that make up for any deficiencies in the monetary compensation. 7. http://www.olx.ca/retail-jobs-cat-386 This job posting is

Read the document I send you carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Read the document I send you carefully - Essay Example With every market structure, however, comes advantages and disadvantages of adopting that particular choice. There are mainly four types of market structures with â€Å"perfect competition†on one extreme and â€Å"monopoly†on the other (Baumol, 1961, p.142. Furthermore, â€Å"monopolistic competition†and â€Å"oligopoly† are those salient structures that are counted asthe moderate ones. In this paper, we will be focusing primarily on the Perfect markets. It will incorporate an analysis ontheir relation to consumer demand and the comparison to any other market structure in the economy. PERFECT COMPETITION AND MARKET DEMAND Perfect Market: Perfect competition is â€Å"a very large number of firms producing a standardized product.† (McConnel&Brue, 2004) This means that a perfect market is that structure which entails numerous extents of â€Å"buyers and sellers† for selling the same kinds of product. Besides this, there are several other noticea ble characteristics of a perfect market that are being listed below: In competition oriented perfect market, there are groups of buyers and sellers who are involved. ... Lastly, there is perfect information about prices and technology among both the sellers and buyers. (Besanko&Brauetigam, 2010, p.330) The Perfect Market and the Demand Curve: The demand curve of a perfect market is perfectly elastic which means that it is a horizontal line. â€Å"The price elasticity of demand (PED) for a good is a measure of the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in the price, ceteris paribus.† (Quek, 2011, p.2). It happens so because of the fact that the presence of small firms in the market makes it difficult for them to influence the pricing fluctuations of the goods and services that they offer. This leads to an inflexible proposition of prices of products to the consumers and thus, a perfectly elastic demand curve is achieved in this context. The figure below illustrates the demand curve: Figure 1: Chart showing perfectly elastic demand in a perfect market (Source: Google Images) Quek propagates thatâ€Å"demand curve in a per fectly competitive firm is also its marginal revenue curve† (2011, p.2). â€Å"Marginal revenue†can be understood as the revenue received by selling one extra unit of production. The demand curve and marginal revenue curve are equivalent in a perfect market competition since the price of goods and services are preciselythe same. The demand curve is identical to the average revenue as well in a perfect market because each product is sold at the same price i.e. the average of the total production. An increase in the price of products in a perfect market leads to the quantity demanded of that product to rise to infinity while a decrease in price leads to the quantity demanded of the product to fall to zero. This is also

Wild Animals As Pets Essay Example for Free

Wild Animals As Pets Essay How many of you have ever said you wanted a pet monkey when you were at the zoo last time? Or imagined how great it would be to have a tiger sleep at the foot of your bed instead of just a dog? That all sounds wonderful at first but how many people do you know that have ever had an exotic pet and not regretted it immediately? Its not really as great as you think. According to the Human Society of the United States in one of their recent surveys, 90% of exotic pets die within the first year and 90% of the remainder die in the second year. That means that only 1% lives past the age of two. Every year wild animals seriously hurt or kill people, usually their owners or family members. Big cats have killed many children and even grown men, not to mention the dogs’ people think their cougar will be friends with, they never survive. Monkeys are always the pet people wish they could have. However, they can never be trained, tamed, or basically domesticated like people think. Take Louie for example, a Black-capped capuchin born in August 2004. He was bought by a family in Chicago when he was just a baby. Within months he had bitten their daughter several times severely, but when he finally bit a child outside the family, his life was in danger. Louies owner found herself in court fighting against the parents of the child who demanded that his head be sent off for rabies testing.

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Early Childhood Caries

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Early Childhood Caries Association between iron deficiency anemia and early childhood caries Tommy Ye Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are a global health problem in both the developing and developed countries such as China, India, United States (US) and the United Kingdom. ECC is a term coined by the Centers of Diseases and Control (CDC) at a 1994 workshop â€Å"in an attempt to focus attention on the multiple factors (i.e. socioeconomic, behavioral, and psycho-social) that contribute to caries at such early ages, rather than ascribing sole causation to inappropriate feeding methods (Colak, 2013).† As the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry states, ECC can be only be defined as â€Å"the presence of any smooth surface caries for children under the age of 3 and the presence of one or more smooth surface lesions in any primary maxillary anterior teeth for those 3 to 5 years of age (or a dmft [decay, missing, filled, teeth] score of ≠¥ 4 (age 3), ≠¥ 5 (age 4), or ≠¥ 6 (age 5))† (Schroth, 2013). These are the same definitions and criteria that most dental practitioner used to assess children of early childhood caries. ECC commonly starts off as a demineralization of the enamel, which leads to severe decay in mostly the cervical regions of primary maxillary incisors and then later into the other anterior teeth. The decay, in some cases, can also affect the labial and/or lingual surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth. The etiology of ECC is very complex and is considered multifactorial, but one commonly accepted etiology is the â€Å"associat[ion] with frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and improper bottle- or breast-feeding practices (Tang, 2012).† Anemia is the reduction of the total circulating red cell mass below the normal limits, which in return reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and ultimately tissue hypoxia and ischemia. Anemia is classified by either its cause (hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic anemia, etc.) or its RBC size (macrocytic, microcytic anemia). Nearly half of anemia cases are caused by iron deficiency anemia (IDA), where IDA is â€Å"the consequences of the lack of iron for hemoglobin synthesis (Shaoul, 2011).† IDA is prevalent among young children and pregnant women. If left untreated, IDA can lead to the mental and physical development of children and increased death and morbidity of the other anemic patients. Diagnostic exam used to establish the diagnosis of IDA is the peripheral blood smear. With the blood smear, we want to analyze â€Å"ferritin, hemoglobin, and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), as they are key biochemical indicators of iron status (Schroth, 2013).† As you can see above, both ECC and IDA are very similar health problems that can both affect children and the patients’ quality of living tremendously. Some studies have shown that â€Å"dental caries and its resulting discomfort and pain can interfere with proper nutrition including iron intake, causing IDA (Shaoul, 2011).† This research has shown that there is some connection between ECC and IDA. Despite the fact that ECC and IDA are global health problems declared by the World Health Organization (WHO), there is not enough strong evidence to highlight the close relationship between the two conditions and the mechanism used to explain this deadly relationship. In this report, I aimed to use my clinical case and analysis of multiple studies to prove my point that there is a strong association between iron deficiency anemia and early childhood caries and that more needs to be done to address this concern in terms of dental management and treatment. Introduction of F.B. and her presentation of condition or risk: F.B., a 25-year-old woman with a history of iron deficiency anemia and early childhood caries, presents to New York University College of Dentistry (NYUCD), for a dental check up. She takes no medication for her anemic condition and review of the CBC from her MD were all within the normal limits. On exam, she needs several restorations and multiple fixed prosthodontic works. Methodology: Clinical Question: In ECC patient, will patient with iron deficiency anemia increase their chances of having more dental caries and periodontal problems in the future, compared to patient without a significant medical history? PICO: Pà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  ECC patient, Ià ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  patient with iron deficiency anemia, Cà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  patient without a significant medical history, and Oà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  increase their chances of having more dental caries and periodontal problems Literature Search: Literature searches were done in PubMed using the keywords â€Å"iron deficiency† and â€Å"anemia† with the Boolean operator â€Å"and.† Literature Review: From the literature search, I found three articles that were applicable to the clinical question and the aim of this report. The three articles are listed below: â€Å"Association between iron status, iron deficiency anemia, and severe early childhood caries: a case-control study† by Robert J. Schroth et. al â€Å"The Association of childhood iron deficiency anemia with severe dental caries† by Ron Shaoul, et. al â€Å"Relationship between dental caries status and anemia in children with severe early childhood caries† by Ru Shing Tang, et. al The goal of Schroth’s study was to investigate the relationship of the different iron and hemoglobin levels btn the ECC and caries-free patients. In order to do such a thing, Schroth and the others decided to perform a case control study. They recruited 266 children, where 144 of them have ECC and the last 122 of them are caries-free. ECC patients were all recruited from Winnipeg, Canada between October 2009 and August 2011. All of these children fulfilled the inclusion criteria where they must have â€Å"severe tooth decay involving multiple primary teeth necessitating rehabilitative dental surgery under general anesthetic (GA) (Schroth, 2013).† The caries-free patients were the control group and were recruited from the same area and time period. They all â€Å"underwent a dental assessment, without radiographs, by [the researchers] to ensure they were caries-free (dmft = 0) (Schroth, 2013).† Both the ECC and the caries-free patient must be healthy and are less than 72 months of age; the average age of all the participating children were 40.8 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 14.1 months. Schroth and the others collected demographic data by making the parents of the children answer an interviewed questionnaire regarding their â€Å"child’s nutritional habits, use of supplements, physical and oral health, oral hygiene and dental habits, socioeconomic status (e.g. household income), and family demographics. (Schroth, 2013).† Afterward, they collected serum samples of all but 4 children in the operating room by the attending anesthesiologist. From the laboratory results, Schroth and the others were able to obtain the necessary data to arrive at the following conclusions: Children w/ ECC had significantly lower ferritin status and hemoglobin levels than caries-free children Children w/ ECC had significantly greater odds for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia than caries-free children This conclusion helped to reinforce and help to support the authors’ claim that there is an indeed an association between iron deficiency anemia and early childhood caries. The authors do not understand the reasons why that is the case, but they hypothesized that it might be due to the body’s inflammatory response that accompanies from dental caries. They believed that â€Å"inflammation associated with ECC may trigger a series of events which ultimately leads to the production of cytokines, which may, in turn, inhibit erythropoiesis and thus reduce the level of hemoglobin in the blood (Schroth, 2013).† Dental caries may also cause severe pain and discomfort for the ECC patient, which may, in turn, caused the patient to eat less and hence the low iron level. Ultimately, the decrease in hemoglobin and iron are the main contributor to anemia or IDA. The purpose of Shaoul’s study was to investigate the differences in the levels of hemoglobin (Hb), iron, and other anemic indicators before and 4-6 months after an ECC dental restoration. In order to do such a thing, Shaoul and the others decided to perform a case control study. They recruited 155 children, where 33 of them are the control group, who visited the dental clinic for treatment for ECC at Bnai Zion Medical Center in Haifa, Israel between January 2007 and September 2008. All of these children fulfilled the inclusion criteria where they have to all be healthy with no chronic diseases and all within the age range of 3-18 years old who are presented with ECC and microcytic anemia that are caused by IDA. The exclusion criteria â€Å"included chronic or acute illness, known blood dyscrasia, any known form of haemoglobinopathy, children who had undergone abdominal surgery or had been diagnosed with malignancy (Shaoul, 2011).† The 30 children that were selected, as the control group, must meet these additional inclusion criteria where they must be presented for an elective minor surgery such as inguinal or umbilical hernia repair, orchiopexy and circumcision and is also caries-free upon examination. For the other 122 children, the surfaces of all their erupted teeth were assessed with the DMFTS index and they must have â€Å"had six or more teeth that required restoration treatmentâ€Å" to be actually included in this study (Shaoul, 2011). In order to consider the confounding variables that may skew the results of their study, Shaoul and the others collected the age, sex, height, weight and the number of teeth that needs to be treated from both groups. Afterward, they obtained 5 mL serum samples of two groups before and 4-6 months after an ECC restorative procedure. From the laboratory results, Shaoul and the others were able to obtain the necessary data to arrive at the following conclusions: ECC and caries-free children had significantly low BMI, Hb, iron, ferritin, MCV, and RDW (or red cell distribution width) levels before an ECC restorative procedure There are significant differences between the Hb, iron, ferritin and RDW levels 4-6 months before and after an ECC restorative procedure This conclusion highlighted that there is an association between iron deficiency anemia and early childhood caries. In addition to that, this study have also demonstrated that a dental treatment of a ECC lesions can effectively restore the anemic indicators to a non-IDA level, without the need of any supplemental iron. The authors are unsure how there is an association between IDA and ECC, but they hypothesize that it might be due to malnutrition (which can explain the low BMI in the results) or due to inflammation from dental caries. The objective of the last study by Tang et. al was to evaluate the nutritional status of an ECC patient and the relationship with IDA. In order to do such a thing, Tang and the others decided to perform a case control study. They recruited 101 children between 2 and 5 years of age who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Kaohsiung Medical Center. All of these children fulfilled inclusion criteria where they must be diagnosed with ECC according to criteria established by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. The exclusion criteria included â€Å"children with medical problems, mental or physical disabilities, and those who had been born prematurely (Tang, 2012).† Demographic information such as sex, income, body weight and height were obtained from most parents except 50 parents who did not provide their income via a questionnaire. The surfaces of all the children’s erupted teeth were assessed with the DMFT and DEFS indices. In order to adjust for the confounding variables that can skew the result of the study, Tang and others obtained the age, gender, BMI, and mother’s education. Besides obtaining the demographic information, Tang and the other also collected blood serum from all but two participants. With this sample, Tang and the others were able to arrive at the following conclusion: Children with ECC had significantly greater odds for anemia and IDA and are independently associated with each other. This conclusion demonstrated that children with ECC are at an even higher risk than caries-free patients for anemia and IDA and that this association between ECC and IDA is a very deadly combination that needs to be addressed as early as possible by pediatric dentists and pediatricians. The authors do not understand the etiology behind this association but they provided their own hypotheses behind it. They argued that children with ECC cannot consume iron-rich and vitamin-C rich food because of the pain and discomfort they felt and as a result, they are forced to rely on softer food that does not impinge on their teeth by drinking lots of cow’s milk. Furthermore, because the children with ECC have lots of dental caries, they are suffering from inflammation from these caries that may â€Å"induce the production of cytokines that suppresses the synthesis of Hgb (Tang, 2012).† In relationship to the Literature analysis form (LAF) adapted from Dr. Ralph V. Katz of NYUCD, (presented below) the above three articles all lack a null hypothesis and can contribute to a moderate statement of causation for being a case control study. All authors have clearly separated the independent variables by using a control group, eligibility criteria, and adjusted statistical analyses such as the Chi-square and T-test in the first and third study and T-test in the second study. Almost all of the findings were of statistical significance (P Description of F.B.: F.B. emigrated to the U.S. at age 15 from Albania with her parents, in pursuit of the American Dream. She drinks socially and do not smoke. She is a dental student at NYUCD. Upon entering dental school, F.B. had poor oral hygiene where she did not floss regularly but brushes twice a day. She consumed a heavy carb-rich diet. Her iron deficiency anemia has been better controlled through a well-balanced diet that includes iron and folate intake. This had been confirmed via a CBC, where all anemic indicators were within the normal limit. She had no other significant medical history. Her vital signs were within the normal limits as well. Discussions: The general consensus of the three articles clearly indicates that there is clearly a relationship between ECC and IDA and that more studies needs to be done to determine the actual etiology behind this association. Despite all the evidence that show that there is an association, the studies including the above three articles that are available are just not substantial to show a strong causation. In addition, the limitations in each of studies that I described above are also making these articles less convincing to incorporate into our dental practices. Conclusion: Despite the fact that the studies do not show a strong causation for the association between ECC and IDA, the evidence is convincing enough that warrants further research and questions among the dental and medical communities throughout the world. The evidence also helped to answer my clinical question if ECC patient with IDA (in this case, patient F.B) will increase their chances of having more dental caries and periodontal problems in the future. As you can see from the results provided by the three articles, there might be some connection between ECC and IDA and can cause more dental decay or worsen the patient’s IDA condition if left untreated, which was noted in Shaoul et. al’s studies. These results prompted me to make some modifications of my dental management for patient F.B. I would put patient F.B. on more frequent recall and on an aggressive fluoride therapy due to her past ECC history. I will complete all dental restorations or restore any defective restorat ions prior to performing any prosthodontic work. To make sure that she understands the association between ECC and IDA, I would also make sure to monitor her blood count frequently and reinforce oral hygiene instructions. Works Cited Çolak, H., Dà ¼lgergil, Ç. T., Dalli, M., Hamidi, M. M. (2013). Early childhood caries update: A review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments.Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine,4(1), 29–38. Doi:10.4103/0976-9668.107257 Tang et al. (2012), Relationship between dental caries status and anemia in children with severe early childhood caries. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 29, 330-336. Schroth et al. (2013), Association between iron status, iron deficiency anaemia, and severe early childhood caries: a case–control study. BMC Pediatrics 13(22), 1-7. Shaoul et al (2011), The Association of childhood iron deficiency anemia with severe dental caries. Acta Pediatrica 101, e76-9. Appendix: LAF: Photographs of F.B.